DokumenUndang-UndangBerlaku

Undang-undang (UU) No. 21 Tahun 2009

Nomor: 21
Tahun: 2009
Ditetapkan: 18 Juni 2009
Status: Berlaku
Pasal terindeks: 64

Lembaga terkait

Presiden Republik Indonesia

regulasi_utama

Isi peraturan

Menimbang

b.bahwa untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan memelihara keutuhan ekosistem laut di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia dan Laut Lepas perlu dilakukan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
c.bahwa dalam Sidang Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tanggal 24 Juli sampai dengan 4 Agustus 1995, telah diterima Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982 yang berkaitan dengan Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh);
d.bahwa . . . SALINAN
d.bahwa Indonesia telah mengesahkan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) dengan Undang- Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 yang mengamanatkan pengaturan lebih lanjut mengenai sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
e.bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, huruf b, huruf c, dan huruf d, perlu mengesahkan Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982 yang berkaitan dengan Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh) dengan Undang-Undang; Mengingat : 1. Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 11, dan Pasal 20 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;

Mengingat

2.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1985 Nomor 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3319);
3.Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 156, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3882);
4.Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2000 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4012); Dengan . . . Dengan Persetujuan Bersama DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA dan PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

Menetapkan

MEMUTUSKAN: Menetapkan : UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG PENGESAHAN AGREEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 RELATING TO THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS (PERSETUJUAN PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA TENTANG HUKUM LAUT TANGGAL 10 DESEMBER 1982 YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KONSERVASI DAN PENGELOLAAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA TERBATAS DAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA JAUH).

Pasal 1

Mengesahkan Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982 yang berkaitan dengan Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh) yang salinan naskah aslinya dalam bahasa Inggris dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia sebagaimana terlampir dan merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari Undang-Undang ini.

Pasal 2

Undang-Undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan. Agar . . . Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan Undang-Undang ini dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. Disahkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Juni 2009 PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA, ttd. DR. H. SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO Diundangkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 18 Juni 2009 MENTERI HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA ttd. ANDI MATTALATTA LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 2009 NOMOR 95 Salinan sesuai dengan aslinya SEKRETARIAT NEGARA RI Kepala Biro Hukum dan Administrasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan, Bigman T. Simanjuntak PENJELASAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 21 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENGESAHAN AGREEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 RELATING TO THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS (PERSETUJUAN PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA TENTANG HUKUM LAUT TANGGAL 10 DESEMBER 1982 YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KONSERVASI DAN PENGELOLAAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA TERBATAS DAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA JAUH) I. UMUM Dalam kurun waktu dua dekade terakhir ini terjadi penurunan yang tajam sediaan sumber daya ikan sehingga perikanan berada dalam kondisi kritis. Pada tahun 1994 penurunan sediaan jenis ikan yang memiliki nilai komersial tinggi, khususnya sediaan jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish stocks) dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish stocks), telah menimbulkan keprihatian dunia. Jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas merupakan jenis ikan yang beruaya antara Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) suatu negara dan ZEE negara lain sehingga pengelolaannya melintasi batas yurisdiksi beberapa negara. Jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh merupakan jenis ikan yang beruaya dari ZEE ke Laut Lepas dan sebaliknya yang jangkauannya dapat melintasi perairan beberapa samudera sehingga memiliki kemungkinan timbulnya konflik kepentingan antara negara pantai dan negara penangkap ikan jarak jauh khususnya dalam pemanfaatan dan konservasi ikan baik di ZEE maupun di Laut Lepas yang berbatasan dengan ZEE. Oleh karena itu, kerja sama internasional dianggap sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi masalah yang timbul. Konvensi . . . Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea/UNCLOS) 1982 mengatur secara garis besar mengenai beberapa spesies ikan yang mempunyai sifat khusus, termasuk jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish), serta jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish). Pada tahun 1995 Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa telah menyusun suatu persetujuan baru untuk mengimplementasikan ketentuan tersebut dalam bentuk Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (United Nations Implementing Agreement /UNIA 1995). UNIA 1995 merupakan persetujuan multilateral yang mengikat para pihak dalam masalah konservasi dan pengelolaan jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh, sebagai pelaksanaan Pasal 63 dan Pasal 64 UNCLOS 1982. Mengingat UNIA 1995 mulai berlaku tanggal 11 Desember 2001 dan tujuan pembentukan Persetujuan ini untuk menciptakan standar konservasi dan pengelolaan jenis ikan yang persediaannya sudah menurun, maka pengesahan UNIA 1995 merupakan hal yang mendesak bagi Indonesia.

1.LATAR BELAKANG DAN TUJUAN Konservasi dan pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas telah menjadi bahan perdebatan panjang masyarakat internasional sejak Konferensi Hukum Laut I hingga Konferensi Hukum Laut III. Namun, hingga disahkan Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982, Konferensi belum berhasil merumuskan pengaturan yang komprehensif mengenai masalah konservasi dan pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas. Konferensi telah menyerahkan pengaturan tersebut pada negara yang berkepentingan dengan perikanan di Laut Lepas di wilayahnya masing-masing. Dalam perkembangannya, sediaan sumber daya ikan di Laut Lepas, khususnya jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh, terus mengalami penurunan secara drastis. Hal ini telah mendorong masyarakat internasional untuk mencari solusi guna mengatasi persoalan tersebut. Pada . . . Pada Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan yang diselenggarakan di Rio de Janeiro pada tanggal 3 sampai dengan 14 Juni 1992, telah dihasilkan sebuah agenda (Agenda 21) yang mengharuskan negara-negara mengambil langkah yang efektif melalui kerja sama bilateral dan multilateral, baik pada tingkat regional maupun global, untuk menjamin bahwa perikanan di Laut Lepas dapat dikelola sesuai dengan ketentuan Hukum Laut 1982. Amanat Agenda 21 tersebut kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan dikeluarkannya Resolusi Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Nomor 47/192 tanggal 22 Desember 1992, yang menghendaki dilaksanakannya Konferensi tentang Jenis Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Jenis Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh. Dalam Resolusi tersebut ditekankan agar Konferensi dapat mengidentifikasi persoalan yang berkaitan dengan konservasi dan pengelolaan jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh, mempertimbangkan pentingnya peningkatan kerja sama antarnegara, serta menyusun rekomendasi yang tepat. Setelah melalui enam kali persidangan yang berlangsung sejak April 1993 sampai Agustus 1995, bertempat di Markas Besar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di New York, ditandatangani draft final persetujuan dalam bentuk Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (United Nations Implementing Agreement/UNIA 1995). Tujuan Persetujuan ini adalah untuk menjamin konservasi jangka panjang dan pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan atas sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh melalui pelaksanaan yang efektif atas ketentuan yang terkait dari UNCLOS 1982.
2.MANFAAT PENGESAHAN UNIA 1995 Dengan mengesahkan UNIA 1995, Indonesia mengadopsi Persetujuan tersebut sebagai hukum nasional untuk lebih lanjut dijabarkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan nasional. Adapun . . . Adapun manfaat pengesahan UNIA 1995 bagi Indonesia adalah:

a.memantapkan kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia dalam memberantas penangkapan ikan secara melanggar hukum di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia oleh kapal perikanan asing dan membuka kesempatan bagi kapal Indonesia untuk melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas;
b.mendapatkan data dan informasi perikanan yang akurat secara mudah dan tepat waktu melalui mekanisme pertukaran data dan informasi di antara negara pihak;
c.mendapatkan alokasi sumber daya ikan untuk jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh melalui penetapan kuota internasional;
d.mendapatkan hak akses dan kesempatan untuk turut memanfaatkan potensi perikanan di Laut Lepas;
e.memperoleh perlakuan khusus sebagai negara berkembang, antara lain untuk mendapatkan bantuan keuangan, bantuan teknis, bantuan alih teknologi, bantuan penelitian ilmiah, bantuan pengawasan, dan bantuan penegakan hukum;
f.memperoleh bantuan dana untuk penerapan Persetujuan ini, termasuk bantuan dana untuk penyelesaian sengketa yang mungkin terjadi antara negara yang bersangkutan dan negara pihak lain;
g.memperkuat posisi Indonesia dalam forum organisasi perikanan internasional;
h.mempertegas hak berdaulat Indonesia berkaitan dengan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di ZEE Indonesia;
i.memperkuat penerapan persetujuan regional di bidang pengelolaan sumber daya ikan.
1. 3.MATERI POKOK UNIA 1995 UNIA 1995 disusun berdasarkan prinsip menjamin kelestarian jangka panjang sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dan memajukan tujuan penggunaan optimal sediaan ikan tersebut serta menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian dalam pengelolaan sumber daya ikan. UNIA 1995 terdiri atas 50 pasal dan 2 lampiran: Lampiran I : Persyaratan Standar untuk Pengumpulan dan Pertukaran Data; Lampiran . . . Lampiran II : Pedoman bagi Pelaksanaan Titik-Titik Rujuk Pencegahan dalam Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas (Straddling Fish Stocks) dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh (Highly Migratory Fish Stocks). Materi pokok dimuat UNIA 1995 antara lain sebagai berikut:
a.uraian prinsip umum mengenai konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish stocks) dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish stocks);
b.penerapan pendekatan kehati-hatian dalam konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish stocks) dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish stocks);
c.uraian mengenai kewajiban negara anggota berkaitan dengan kapal perikanan yang mengibarkan benderanya yang melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas;
d.memperkenalkan ketentuan penaatan dan penegakan hukum di Laut Lepas;
e.memperkenalkan ketentuan yang berkaitan dengan persyaratan bagi negara-negara berkembang;
f.pengumpulan dan penyediaan informasi dan kerja sama penelitian ilmiah;
g.sistem pemantauan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian;
h.persyaratan standar pengumpulan dan pertukaran data.
1. 4.PRINSIP-PRINSIP UMUM UNIA 1995 adalah sebagai berikut:
a.mengambil tindakan untuk menjamin kelestarian jangka panjang sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dan memajukan tujuan penggunaan optimal sediaan ikan tersebut;
b.menjamin bahwa tindakan tersebut didasarkan pada bukti ilmiah terbaik yang ada dan dirancang untuk memelihara atau memulihkan sediaan ikan pada tingkat yang dapat menjamin hasil maksimum yang lestari;
c.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian;
d.mengukur dampak dari penangkapan ikan, kegiatan manusia lainnya, dan faktor-faktor lingkungan terhadap sediaan target dan spesies yang termasuk dalam ekosistem yang sama atau menyatu/berhubungan dengan atau bergantung pada sediaan target tersebut;
e.mengambil . . .
e.mengambil tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan untuk spesies dalam ekosistem yang sama atau menyatu/berhubungan dengan atau bergantung pada sediaan target tersebut;
f.meminimalkan pencemaran, sampah barang-barang buangan, tangkapan yang tidak berguna, alat tangkap yang ditinggalkan, tangkapan spesies non target, baik ikan maupun bukan spesies ikan, dan dampak terhadap spesies, melalui tindakan pengembangan dan penggunaan alat tangkap yang selektif serta teknik yang ramah lingkungan dan murah;
g.melindungi keanekaragaman hayati pada lingkungan laut;
h.mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah dan/atau mengurangi kegiatan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan dan penangkapan ikan yang melebihi kapasitas dan untuk menjamin bahwa tingkat usaha penangkapan ikan tidak melebihi tingkat yang sepadan dengan penggunaan lestari sumber daya ikan;
i.memperhatikan kepentingan nelayan pantai dan subsistensi;
j.mengumpulkan dan memberikan pada saat yang tepat, data yang lengkap dan akurat mengenai kegiatan perikanan, antara lain, posisi kapal, tangkapan spesies target dan nontarget dan usaha penangkapan ikan, serta informasi dari program riset nasional dan internasional;
k.memajukan dan melaksanakan riset ilmiah dan mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat dalam mendukung konservasi dan pengelolaan ikan; dan
l.melaksanakan dan menerapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan melalui pemantauan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian.
1. 5.KEWAJIBAN NEGARA YANG TELAH MELAKUKAN PENGESAHAN UNIA 1995, adalah sebagai berikut:
a.melakukan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang kompatibel; Negara pantai dan negara penangkap ikan jarak jauh (distant water fishing nations) wajib bekerjasama untuk mencapai tindakan yang sebanding antara yang dilaksanakan di perairan yang berada di bawah yurisdiksi nasionalnya (perairan pedalaman, perairan kepulauan, dan laut teritorial) dengan di Laut Lepas.
b.menerapkan . . .
b.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian (precautionary approach); Negara wajib menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian (precautionary approach) ketika menetapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan.
c.mengelola perikanan dengan pendekatan ekosistem; Negara wajib mengurangi hasil tangkapan samping (by catch) bagi jenis sumber daya hayati lain, seperti ikan, mamalia laut, penyu laut, dan burung laut di luar spesies yang akan ditangkap (non target species), melalui skema konservasi dan pengelolaannya secara terpadu, yang nontarget species dijadikan subjek konservasi dan pengelolaan; Persetujuan implementasi ini juga mewajibkan negara untuk mengumpulkan dan menginformasikan data penangkapan spesies target dan spesies nontarget, berdasarkan Lampiran I Persetujuan ini, yang memuat ketentuan rinci tentang syarat- syarat pengumpulan dan penginformasian data tersebut.
d.menetapkan larangan pembenderaan semu; Negara juga wajib mengatur secara ketat larangan pembenderaan semu (reflagging), antara lain dengan menetapkan kewajiban bagi kapal-kapal yang mengibarkan bendera negaranya untuk memiliki izin penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas, dan menjamin bahwa kapal-kapal yang sama juga tidak melakukan kegiatan perikanan tanpa izin di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif negara lain;
e.memperkuat peranan dari organisasi pengelolaan perikanan regional; Negara yang melakukan kegiatan perikanan di Laut Lepas dan negara pantai terkait wajib menjadi anggota organisasi regional yang ada atau mendirikan organisasi regional; Negara wajib meningkatkan penerapan kewajiban untuk melakukan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan oleh organisasi regional yang ada. Sebagai insentif, negara tersebut akan diberi hak akses dalam bentuk alokasi kuota terhadap sumber-sumber perikanan tersebut.
f.menetapkan mekanisme penaatan dan penegakan hukum; Persetujuan implementasi ini menetapkan bahwa penegakan hukum dapat diterapkan oleh negara anggota organisasi perikanan tersebut. Negara dapat menaiki dan memeriksa kapal ikan negara anggota lain yang diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap peraturan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang dikeluarkan oleh organisasi regional tersebut; Negara . . . Negara berkewajiban untuk memperkuat skema pemeriksaan dengan menetapkan kewajiban untuk melapor. Baik organisasi antarnegara maupun bukan organisasi antarnegara diperkenankan untuk berpartisipasi sebagai peninjau (observer) dalam pertemuan-pertemuan yang diadakan oleh organisasi regional dimaksud. Untuk itu, negara wajib untuk memperkuat sistem pengawasan (MCS) dan program pengamat.
g.mengintegrasikan kebijakan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di ZEE dengan prinsip pengelolaan sumber-sumber perikanan di Laut Lepas berdasarkan pengaturan dalam UNIA 1995, ke dalam hukum nasional;
h.negara wajib menjamin penaatan oleh kapal-kapal yang mengibarkan bendera negaranya terhadap tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan subregional dan regional untuk sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
i.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian secara luas untuk konservasi, pengelolaan, dan eksploitasi sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dalam rangka melindungi sumber daya kelautan dan konservasi lingkungan laut;
j.menerapkan standar umum minimum internasional yang direkomendasikan untuk tata laksana perikanan yang bertanggung jawab untuk operasi penangkapan ikan;
k.kapal perikanan Indonesia, termasuk para awaknya, harus memenuhi standar internasional untuk beroperasi di Laut Lepas.
1. 6.PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN UNIA 1995
a.Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1983 tentang Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1983 Nomor 44, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3260);
b.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan bangsa-bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1985 Nomor 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3319);
c.Undang-Undang . . .
c.Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1990 Nomor 49, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3419);
d.Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1996 Nomor 73, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3647);
e.Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3699);
f.Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2000 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4012);
g.Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 118, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4433);
h.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 64, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4849);
1. 7.KONVENSI INTERNASIONAL YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN UNIA 1995
a.Convention on Migratory Species (Konvensi tentang Spesies Migrasi) 1979;
b.United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) 1982;
c.United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati) 1992;
d.Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Persetujuan untuk Memajukan Penaatan terhadap Tindakan Pengelolaan dan Konservasi Secara Internasional oleh Kapal Penangkap Ikan di Laut Lepas) 1993;
e.Code . . .
e.Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (Tata Laksana Perikanan yang Bertanggung Jawab) 1995.
1. 8.Persetujuan ini telah ditindaklanjuti dengan dibentuknya beberapa organisasi pengelolaan perikanan regional (Regional Fisheries Management Organization/RFMO), antara lain Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) berdasarkan Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, Honolulu 4 September 2000 yang merupakan implementasi masalah teknis perikanan. II. PASAL DEMI PASAL

Pasal 1

Apabila terjadi perbedaan penafsiran terhadap terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia, maka digunakan salinan naskah aslinya dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pasal 2

Cukup jelas. TAMBAHAN LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 5024 1 AGREEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 RELATING TO THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS The States Parties to this Agreement, Recalling the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, Determined to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, Resolved to improve cooperation between States to that end, Calling for more effective enforcement by flag States, port States and coastal States of the conservation and management measures adopted for such stocks, Seeking to address in particular the problems identified in chapter 17, programme area C, of Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, namely, that the management of high seas fisheries is inadequate in many areas and that some resources are overutilized; noting that there are problems of unregulated fishing, over-capitalization, excessive fleet size, vessel reflagging to escape controls, insufficiently selective gear, unreliable databases and lack of sufficient cooperation between States, Committing themselves to responsible fisheries, Conscious of the need to avoid adverse impacts on the marine environment, preserve biodiversity, maintain the integrity of marine ecosystems and minimize the risk of long-term or irreversible effects of fishing operations, Recognizing the need for specific assistance, including financial, scientific and technological assistance, in order that developing States can participate effectively in the conservation, management and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, Convinced that an agreement for the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention would best serve these purposes and contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, Affirming that matters not regulated by the Convention or by this Agreement continue to be governed by the rules and principles of general international law, 2 Have agreed as follows: PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 Use of terms and scope

1.For the purposes of this Agreement: (a) "Convention" means the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982; (b) "conservation and management measures" means measures to conserve and manage one or more species of living marine resources that are adopted and applied consistent with the relevant rules of international law as reflected in the Convention and this Agreement; (c) "fish" includes molluscs and crustaceans except those belonging to sedentary species as defined in article 77 of the Convention; and (d) "arrangement" means a cooperative mechanism established in accordance with the Convention and this Agreement by two or more States for the purpose, inter alia, of establishing conservation and management measures in a subregion or region for one or more straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks.
2.(a) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Agreement and for which the Agreement is in force. (b) This Agreement applies mutatis mutandis: (i) to any entity referred to in article 305, paragraph 1 (c), (d) and (e), of the Convention and (ii) subject to article 47, to any entity referred to as an "international organization" in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention which becomes a Party to this Agreement, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.
3.This Agreement applies mutatis mutandis to other fishing entities whose vessels fish on the high seas. Article 2 Objective The objective of this Agreement is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through effective implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention. 3 Article 3 Application
1.Unless otherwise provided, this Agreement applies to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks beyond areas under national jurisdiction, except that articles 6 and 7 apply also to the conservation and management of such stocks within areas under national jurisdiction, subject to the different legal regimes that apply within areas under national jurisdiction and in areas beyond national jurisdiction as provided for in the Convention.
2.In the exercise of its sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks within areas under national jurisdiction, the coastal State shall apply mutatis mutandis the general principles enumerated in article 5.
3.States shall give due consideration to the respective capacities of developing States to apply articles 5, 6 and 7 within areas under national jurisdiction and their need for assistance as provided for in this Agreement. To this end, Part VII applies mutatis mutandis in respect of areas under national jurisdiction. Article 4 Relationship between this Agreement and the Convention Nothing in this Agreement shall prejudice the rights, jurisdiction and duties of States under the Convention. This Agreement shall be interpreted and applied in the context of and in a manner consistent with the Convention. PART II CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS Article 5 General principles In order to conserve and manage straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, coastal States and States fishing on the high seas shall, in giving effect to their duty to cooperate in accordance with the Convention: (a) adopt measures to ensure long-term sustainability of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and promote the objective of their optimum utilization; (b) ensure that such measures are based on the best scientific evidence available and are designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield, as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, including the special requirements of developing States, and taking into account fishing patterns, the interdependence of stocks and any generally recommended international minimum standards, whether sub- regional, regional or global; (c) apply the precautionary approach in accordance with article 6; 4 (d) assess the impacts of fishing, other human activities and environmental factors on target stocks and species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks; (e) adopt, where necessary, conservation and management measures for species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks, with a view to maintaining or restoring populations of such species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened; (f) minimize pollution, waste, discards, catch by lost or abandoned gear, catch of non-target species, both fish and non-fish species, (hereinafter referred to as non-target species) and impacts on associated or dependent species, in particular endangered species, through measures including, to the extent practicable, the development and use of selective, environmentally safe and cost-effective fishing gear and techniques; (g) protect biodiversity in the marine environment; (h) take measures to prevent or eliminate overfishing and excess fishing capacity and to ensure that levels of fishing effort do not exceed those commensurate with the sustainable use of fishery resources; (i) take into account the interests of artisanal and subsistence fishers; (j) collect and share, in a timely manner, complete and accurate data concerning fishing activities on, inter alia, vessel position, catch of target and non-target species and fishing effort, as set out in Annex I, as well as information from national and international research programmes; (k) promote and conduct scientific research and develop appropriate technologies in support of fishery conservation and management; and (l) implement and enforce conservation and management measures through effective monitoring, control and surveillance Article 6 Application of the precautionary approach
1.States shall apply the precautionary approach widely to conservation, management and exploitation of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in order to protect the living marine resources and preserve the marine environment.
2.States shall be more cautious when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate. The absence of adequate scientific information shall not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures.
3.In implementing the precautionary approach, States shall: (a) improve decision-making for fishery resource conservation and management by obtaining and sharing the best scientific information available and implementing improved techniques for dealing with risk and uncertainty; 5 (b) apply the guidelines set out in Annex II and determine, on the basis of the best scientific information available, stock-specific reference points and the action to be taken if they are exceeded; (c) take into account, inter alia, uncertainties relating to the size and productivity of the stocks, reference points, stock condition in relation to such reference points, levels and distribution of fishing mortality and the impact of fishing activities on non-target and associated or dependent species, as well as existing and predicted oceanic, environmental and socio- economic conditions; and (d) develop data collection and research programmes to assess the impact of fishing on non-target and associated or dependent species and their environment, and adopt plans which are necessary to ensure the conservation of such species and to protect habitats of special concern.
4.States shall take measures to ensure that, when reference points are approached, they will not be exceeded. In the event that they are exceeded, States shall, without delay, take the action determined under paragraph 3 (b) to restore the stocks.
5.Where the status of target stocks or non-target or associated or dependent species is of concern, States shall subject such stocks and species to enhanced monitoring in order to review their status and the efficacy of conservation and management measures. They shall revise those measures regularly in the light of new information.
6.For new or exploratory fisheries, States shall adopt as soon as possible cautious conservation and management measures, including, inter alia, catch limits and effort limits. Such measures shall remain in force until there are sufficient data to allow assessment of the impact of the fisheries on the long-term sustainability of the stocks, whereupon conservation and management measures based on that assessment shall be implemented. The latter measures shall, if appropriate, allow for the gradual development of the fisheries.
7.If a natural phenomenon has a significant adverse impact on the status of straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks, States shall adopt conservation and management measures on an emergency basis to ensure that fishing activity does not exacerbate such adverse impact. States shall also adopt such measures on an emergency basis where fishing activity presents a serious threat to the sustainability of such stocks. Measures taken on an emergency basis shall be temporary and shall be based on the best scientific evidence available. Article 7 Compatibility of conservation and management measures
1.Without prejudice to the sovereign rights of coastal States for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the living marine resources within areas under national jurisdiction as provided for in the Convention, and the right of all States for their nationals to engage in fishing on the high seas in accordance with the Convention: 6 (a) with respect to straddling fish stocks, the relevant coastal States and the States whose nationals fish for such stocks in the adjacent high seas area shall seek, either directly or through the appropriate mechanisms for cooperation provided for in Part III, to agree upon the measures necessary for the conservation of these stocks in the adjacent high seas area; (b) with respect to highly migratory fish stocks, the relevant coastal States and other States whose nationals fish for such stocks in the region shall cooperate, either directly or through the appropriate mechanisms for cooperation provided for in Part III, with a view to ensuring conservation and promoting the objective of optimum utilization of such stocks throughout the region, both within and beyond the areas under national jurisdiction.
2.Conservation and management measures established for the high seas and those adopted for areas under national jurisdiction shall be compatible in order to ensure conservation and management of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in their entirety. To this end, coastal States and States fishing on the high seas have a duty to cooperate for the purpose of achieving compatible measures in respect of such stocks. In determining compatible conservation and management measures, States shall: (a) take into account the conservation and management measures adopted and applied in accordance with article 61 of the Convention in respect of the same stocks by coastal States within areas under national jurisdiction and ensure that measures established in respect of such stocks for the high seas do not undermine the effectiveness of such measures; (b) take into account previously agreed measures established and applied for the high seas in accordance with the Convention in respect of the same stocks by relevant coastal States and States fishing on the high seas; (c) take into account previously agreed measures established and applied in accordance with the Convention in respect of the same stocks by a sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement; (d) take into account the biological unity and other biological characteristics of the stocks and the relationships between the distribution of the stocks, the fisheries and the geographical particularities of the region concerned, including the extent to which the stocks occur and are fished in areas under national jurisdiction; (e) take into account the respective dependence of the coastal States and the States fishing on the high seas on the stocks concerned; and (f) ensure that such measures do not result in harmful impact on the living marine resources as a whole.
3.In giving effect to their duty to cooperate, States shall make every effort to agree on compatible conservation and management measures within a reasonable period of time.
4.If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, any of the States concerned may invoke the procedures for the settlement of disputes provided for in Part VIII. 7
5.Pending agreement on compatible conservation and management measures, the States concerned, in a spirit of understanding and cooperation, shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature. In the event that they are unable to agree on such arrangements, any of the States concerned may, for the purpose of obtaining provisional measures, submit the dispute to a court or tribunal in accordance with the procedures for the settlement of disputes provided for in Part VIII.
6.Provisional arrangements or measures entered into or prescribed pursuant to paragraph 5 shall take into account the provisions of this Part, shall have due regard to the rights and obligations of all States concerned, shall not jeopardize or hamper the reaching of final agreement on compatible conservation and management measures and shall be without prejudice to the final outcome of any dispute settlement procedure.
7.Coastal States shall regularly inform States fishing on the high seas in the subregion or region, either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or through other appropriate means, of the measures they have adopted for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks within areas under their national jurisdiction.
8.States fishing on the high seas shall regularly inform other interested States, either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or through other appropriate means, of the measures they have adopted for regulating the activities of vessels flying their flag which fish for such stocks on the high seas. PART III MECHANISMS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION CONCERNING STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS Article 8 Cooperation for conservation and management
1.Coastal States and States fishing on the high seas shall, in accordance with the Convention, pursue cooperation in relation to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, taking into account the specific characteristics of the sub-region or region, to ensure effective conservation and management of such stocks.
2.States shall enter into consultations in good faith and without delay, particularly where there is evidence that the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks concerned may be under threat of over-exploitation or where a new fishery is being developed for such stocks. To this end, consultations may be initiated at the request of any interested State with a view to establishing appropriate arrangements to ensure conservation and management of the stocks. Pending agreement on such arrangements, States shall observe the provisions of this Agreement and shall act in good faith and with due regard to the rights, interests and duties of other States. 8
3.Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement has the competence to establish conservation and management measures for particular straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks, States fishing for the stocks on the high seas and relevant coastal States shall give effect to their duty to cooperate by becoming members of such organization or participants in such arrangement, or by agreeing to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement. States having a real interest in the fisheries concerned may become members of such organization or participants in such arrangement. The terms of participation in such organization or arrangement shall not preclude such States from membership or participation; nor shall they be applied in a manner which discriminates against any State or group of States having a real interest in the fisheries concerned.
4.Only those States which are members of such an organization or participants in such an arrangement, or which agree to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement, shall have access to the fishery resources to which those measures apply.
5.Where there is no sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement to establish conservation and management measures for a particular straddling fish stock or highly migratory fish stock, relevant coastal States and States fishing on the high seas for such stock in the subregion or region shall cooperate to establish such an organization or enter into other appropriate arrangements to ensure conservation and management of such stock and shall participate in the work of the organization or arrangement.
6.Any State intending to propose that action be taken by an intergovernmental organization having competence with respect to living resources should, where such action would have a significant effect on conservation and management measures already established by a competent sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, consult through that organization or arrangement with its members or participants. To the extent practicable, such consultation should take place prior to the submission of the proposal to the intergovernmental organization. Article 9 Sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements
1.In establishing sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or in entering into sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangements for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, States shall agree, inter alia, on: (a) the stocks to which conservation and management measures apply, taking into account the biological characteristics of the stocks concerned and the nature of the fisheries involved; 9 (b) the area of application, taking into account article 7, paragraph 1, and the characteristics of the sub-region or region, including socio-economic, geographical and environmental factors; (c) the relationship between the work of the new organization or arrangement and the role, objectives and operations of any relevant existing fisheries management organizations or arrangements; and (d) the mechanisms by which the organization or arrangement will obtain scientific advice and review the status of the stocks, including, where appropriate, the establishment of a scientific advisory body.
2.States cooperating in the formation of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement shall inform other States which they are aware have a real interest in the work of the proposed organization or arrangement of such cooperation. Article 10 Functions of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements In fulfillling their obligation to cooperate through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, States shall: (a) agree on and comply with conservation and management measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; (b) agree, as appropriate, on participatory rights such as allocations of allowable catch or levels of fishing effort; (c) adopt and apply any generally recommended international minimum standards for the responsible conduct of fishing operations; (d) obtain and evaluate scientific advice, review the status of the stocks and assess the impact of fishing on non-target and associated or dependent species; (e) agree on standards for collection, reporting, verification and exchange of data on fisheries for the stocks; (f) compile and disseminate accurate and complete statistical data, as described in Annex I, to ensure that the best scientific evidence is available, while maintaining confidentiality where appropriate; (g) promote and conduct scientific assessments of the stocks and relevant research and disseminate the results thereof; (h) establish appropriate cooperative mechanisms for effective monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement; (i) agree on means by which the fishing interests of new members of the organization or new participants in the arrangement will be accommodated; 10 (j) agree on decision-making procedures which facilitate the adoption of conservation and management measures in a timely and effective manner; (k) promote the peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with Part VIII; (l) ensure the full cooperation of their relevant national agencies and industries in implementing the recommendations and decisions of the organization or arrangement; and (m) give due publicity to the conservation and management measures established by the organization or arrangement. Article 11 New members or participants In determining the nature and extent of participatory rights for new members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization, or for new participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement, States shall take into account, inter alia: (a) the status of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and the existing level of fishing effort in the fishery; (b) the respective interests, fishing patterns and fishing practices of new and existing members or participants; (c) the respective contributions of new and existing members or participants to conservation and management of the stocks, to the collection and provision of accurate data and to the conduct of scientific research on the stocks; (d) the needs of coastal fishing communities which are dependent mainly on fishing for the stocks; (e) the needs of coastal States whose economies are overwhelmingly dependent on the exploitation of living marine resources; and (f) the interests of developing States from the sub-region or region in whose areas of national jurisdiction the stocks also occur. Article 12 Transparency in activities of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements
1.States shall provide for transparency in the decision- making process and other activities of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
2.Representatives from other intergovernmental organizations and representatives from non-governmental organizations concerned with straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks shall be afforded the opportunity to take part in meetings of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and 11 arrangements as observers or otherwise, as appropriate, in accordance with the procedures of the organization or arrangement concerned. Such procedures shall not be unduly restrictive in this respect. Such intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations shall have timely access to the records and reports of such organizations and arrangements, subject to the procedural rules on access to them. Article 13 Strengthening of existing organizations and arrangements States shall cooperate to strengthen existing sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in order to improve their effectiveness in establishing and implementing conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Article 14 Collection and provision of information and cooperation in scientific research
1.States shall ensure that fishing vessels flying their flag provide such information as may be necessary in order to fulfilll their obligations under this Agreement. To this end, States shall in accordance with Annex I: (a) collect and exchange scientific, technical and statistical data with respect to fisheries for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; (b) ensure that data are collected in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment and are provided in a timely manner to fulfilll the requirements of sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements; and (c) take appropriate measures to verify the accuracy of such data.
2.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements: (a) to agree on the specification of data and the format in which they are to be provided to such organizations or arrangements, taking into account the nature of the stocks and the fisheries for those stocks; and (b) to develop and share analytical techniques and stock assessment methodologies to improve measures for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
3.Consistent with Part XIII of the Convention, States shall cooperate, either directly or through competent international organizations, to strengthen scientific research capacity in the field of fisheries and promote scientific research related to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks for the benefit of all. To this end, a State or the competent international organization conducting such research beyond areas under national jurisdiction shall actively promote the publication and dissemination to any interested States of the results of that research and 12 information relating to its objectives and methods and, to the extent practicable, shall facilitate the participation of scientists from those States in such research. Article 15 Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas In implementing this Agreement in an enclosed or semi-enclosed sea, States shall take into account the natural characteristics of that sea and shall also act in a manner consistent with Part IX of the Convention and other relevant provisions thereof. Article 16 Areas of high seas surrounded entirely by an area under the national jurisdiction of a single State
1.States fishing for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in an area of the high seas surrounded entirely by an area under the national jurisdiction of a single State and the latter State shall cooperate to establish conservation and management measures in respect of those stocks in the high seas area. Having regard to the natural characteristics of the area, States shall pay special attention to the establishment of compatible conservation and management measures for such stocks pursuant to article 7. Measures taken in respect of the high seas shall take into account the rights, duties and interests of the coastal State under the Convention, shall be based on the best scientific evidence available and shall also take into account any conservation and management measures adopted and applied in respect of the same stocks in accordance with article 61 of the Convention by the coastal State in the area under national jurisdiction. States shall also agree on measures for monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures in respect of the high seas.
2.Pursuant to article 8, States shall act in good faith and make every effort to agree without delay on conservation and management measures to be applied in the carrying out of fishing operations in the area referred to in paragraph 1. If, within a reasonable period of time, the fishing States concerned and the coastal State are unable to agree on such measures, they shall, having regard to paragraph 1, apply article 7, paragraphs 4, 5 and 6, relating to provisional arrangements or measures. Pending the establishment of such provisional arrangements or measures, the States concerned shall take measures in respect of vessels flying their flag in order that they not engage in fisheries which could undermine the stocks concerned. 13 PART IV NON-MEMBERS AND NON-PARTICIPANTS Article 17 Non-members of organizations and non-participants in arrangements
1.A State which is not a member of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or is not a participant in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement, and which does not otherwise agree to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement, is not discharged from the obligation to cooperate, in accordance with the Convention and this Agreement, in the conservation and management of the relevant straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
2.Such State shall not authorize vessels flying its flag to engage in fishing operations for the straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks which are subject to the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement.
3.States which are members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement shall, individually or jointly, request the fishing entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 3, which have fishing vessels in the relevant area to cooperate fully with such organization or arrangement in implementing the conservation and management measures it has established, with a view to having such measures applied de facto as extensively as possible to fishing activities in the relevant area. Such fishing entities shall enjoy benefits from participation in the fishery commensurate with their commitment to comply with conservation and management measures in respect of the stocks.
4.States which are members of such organization or participants in such arrangement shall exchange information with respect to the activities of fishing vessels flying the flags of States which are neither members of the organization nor participants in the arrangement and which are engaged in fishing operations for the relevant stocks. They shall take measures consistent with this Agreement and international law to deter activities of such vessels which undermine the effectiveness of sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures. PART V DUTIES OF THE FLAG STATE Article 18 Duties of the flag State
1.A State whose vessels fish on the high seas shall take such measures as may be necessary to ensure that vessels flying its flag comply with sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures and that such vessels do not engage in any activity which undermines the effectiveness of such measures. 14
2.A State shall authorize the use of vessels flying its flag for fishing on the high seas only where it is able to exercise effectively its responsibilities in respect of such vessels under the Convention and this Agreement.
3.Measures to be taken by a State in respect of vessels flying its flag shall include: (a) control of such vessels on the high seas by means of fishing licenses, authorizations or permits, in accordance with any applicable procedures agreed at the sub-regional, regional or global level; (b) establishment of regulations: (i) to apply terms and conditions to the license, authorization or permit sufficient to fulfilll any sub-regional, regional or global obligations of the flag State; (ii) to prohibit fishing on the high seas by vessels which are not duly licensed or authorized to fish, or fishing on the high seas by vessels otherwise than in accordance with the terms and conditions of a license, authorization or permit; (iii) to require vessels fishing on the high seas to carry the license, authorization or permit on board at all times and to produce it on demand for inspection by a duly authorized person; and (iv) to ensure that vessels flying its flag do not conduct unauthorized fishing within areas under the national jurisdiction of other States; (c) establishment of a national record of fishing vessels authorized to fish on the high seas and provision of access to the information contained in that record on request by directly interested States, taking into account any national laws of the flag State regarding the release of such information; (d) requirements for marking of fishing vessels and fishing gear for identification in accordance with uniform and internationally recognizable vessel and gear marking systems, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Standard Specifications for the Marking and Identification of Fishing Vessels; (e) requirements for recording and timely reporting of vessel position, catch of target and non-target species, fishing effort and other relevant fisheries data in accordance with sub-regional, regional and global standards for collection of such data; (f) requirements for verifying the catch of target and non-target species through such means as observer programmes, inspection schemes, unloading reports, supervision of transshipment and monitoring of landed catches and market statistics; (g) monitoring, control and surveillance of such vessels, their fishing operations and related activities by, inter alia: 15 (i) the implementation of national inspection schemes and sub-regional and regional schemes for cooperation in enforcement pursuant to articles 21 and 22, including requirements for such vessels to permit access by duly authorized inspectors from other States; (ii) the implementation of national observer programmes and sub-regional and regional observer programmes in which the flag State is a participant, including requirements for such vessels to permit access by observers from other States to carry out the functions agreed under the programmes; and (iii) the development and implementation of vessel monitoring systems, including, as appropriate, satellite transmitter systems, in accordance with any national programmes and those which have been sub- regionally, regionally or globally agreed among the States concerned; (h) regulation of transshipment on the high seas to ensure that the effectiveness of conservation and management measures is not undermined; and (i) regulation of fishing activities to ensure compliance with sub-regional, regional or global measures, including those aimed at minimizing catches of non-target species.
4.Where there is a sub-regionally, regionally or globally agreed system of monitoring, control and surveillance in effect, States shall ensure that the measures they impose on vessels flying their flag are compatible with that system. PART VI COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT Article 19 Compliance and enforcement by the flag State
1.A State shall ensure compliance by vessels flying its flag with sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. To this end, that State shall: (a) enforce such measures irrespective of where violations occur; (b) investigate immediately and fully any alleged violation of sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures, which may include the physical inspection of the vessels concerned, and report promptly to the State alleging the violation and the relevant sub-regional or regional organization or arrangement on the progress and outcome of the investigation; (c) require any vessel flying its flag to give information to the investigating authority regarding vessel position, catches, fishing gear, fishing operations and related activities in the area of an alleged violation; 16 (d) if satisfied that sufficient evidence is available in respect of an alleged violation, refer the case to its authorities with a view to instituting proceedings without delay in accordance with its laws and, where appropriate, detain the vessel concerned; and (e) ensure that, where it has been established, in accordance with its laws, a vessel has been involved in the commission of a serious violation of such measures, the vessel does not engage in fishing operations on the high seas until such time as all outstanding sanctions imposed by the flag State in respect of the violation have been complied with.
2.All investigations and judicial proceedings shall be carried out expeditiously. Sanctions applicable in respect of violations shall be adequate in severity to be effective in securing compliance and to discourage violations wherever they occur and shall deprive offenders of the benefits accruing from their illegal activities. Measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers of fishing vessels shall include provisions which may permit, inter alia, refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to serve as masters or officers on such vessels. Article 20 International cooperation in enforcement
1.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, to ensure compliance with and enforcement of sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
2.A flag State conducting an investigation of an alleged violation of conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks may request the assistance of any other State whose cooperation may be useful in the conduct of that investigation. All States shall endeavor to meet reasonable requests made by a flag State in connection with such investigations.
3.A flag State may undertake such investigations directly, in cooperation with other interested States or through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement. Information on the progress and outcome of the investigations shall be provided to all States having an interest in, or affected by, the alleged violation.
4.States shall assist each other in identifying vessels reported to have engaged in activities undermining the effectiveness of sub-regional, regional or global conservation and management measures.
5.States shall, to the extent permitted by national laws and regulations, establish arrangements for making available to prosecuting authorities in other States evidence relating to alleged violations of such measures.
6.Where there are reasonable grounds for believing that a vessel on the high seas has been engaged in unauthorized fishing within an area under the jurisdiction of a coastal State, the flag State of that vessel, at the request of the 17 coastal State concerned, shall immediately and fully investigate the matter. The flag State shall cooperate with the coastal State in taking appropriate enforcement action in such cases and may authorize the relevant authorities of the coastal State to board and inspect the vessel on the high seas. This paragraph is without prejudice to article 111 of the Convention.
7.States Parties which are members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement may take action in accordance with international law, including through recourse to sub-regional or regional procedures established for this purpose, to deter vessels which have engaged in activities which undermine the effectiveness of or otherwise violate the conservation and management measures established by that organization or arrangement from fishing on the high seas in the sub-region or region until such time as appropriate action is taken by the flag State. Article 21 Sub-regional and regional cooperation in enforcement
1.In any high seas area covered by a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, a State Party which is a member of such organization or a participant in such arrangement may, through its duly authorized inspectors, board and inspect, in accordance with paragraph 2, fishing vessels flying the flag of another State Party to this Agreement, whether or not such State Party is also a member of the organization or a participant in the arrangement, for the purpose of ensuring compliance with conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks established by that organization or arrangement.
2.States shall establish, through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, procedures for boarding and inspection pursuant to paragraph 1, as well as procedures to implement other provisions of this article. Such procedures shall be consistent with this article and the basic procedures set out in article 22 and shall not discriminate against non- members of the organization or non-participants in the arrangement. Boarding and inspection as well as any subsequent enforcement action shall be conducted in accordance with such procedures. States shall give due publicity to procedures established pursuant to this paragraph.
3.If, within two years of the adoption of this Agreement, any organization or arrangement has not established such procedures, boarding and inspection pursuant to paragraph 1, as well as any subsequent enforcement action, shall, pending the establishment of such procedures, be conducted in accordance with this article and the basic procedures set out in article 22.
4.Prior to taking action under this article, inspecting States shall, either directly or through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, inform all States whose vessels fish on the high seas in the sub-region or region of the form of identification issued to their duly authorized inspectors. The vessels used for boarding and inspection shall be clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service. At the time of becoming a Party to this Agreement, a State shall designate an appropriate authority to receive notifications pursuant to this article and shall give due 18 publicity of such designation through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement.
5.Where, following a boarding and inspection, there are clear grounds for believing that a vessel has engaged in any activity contrary to the conservation and management measures referred to in paragraph 1, the inspecting State shall, where appropriate, secure evidence and shall promptly notify the flag State of the alleged violation.
6.The flag State shall respond to the notification referred to in paragraph 5 within three working days of its receipt, or such other period as may be prescribed in procedures established in accordance with paragraph 2, and shall either: (a) fulfilll, without delay, its obligations under article 19 to investigate and, if evidence so warrants, take enforcement action with respect to the vessel, in which case it shall promptly inform the inspecting State of the results of the investigation and of any enforcement action taken; or (b) authorize the inspecting State to investigate.
7.Where the flag State authorizes the inspecting State to investigate an alleged violation, the inspecting State shall, without delay, communicate the results of that investigation to the flag State. The flag State shall, if evidence so warrants, fulfilll its obligations to take enforcement action with respect to the vessel. Alternatively, the flag State may authorize the inspecting State to take such enforcement action as the flag State may specify with respect to the vessel, consistent with the rights and obligations of the flag State under this Agreement.
8.Where, following boarding and inspection, there are clear grounds for believing that a vessel has committed a serious violation, and the flag State has either failed to respond or failed to take action as required under paragraphs 6 or 7, the inspectors may remain on board and secure evidence and may require the master to assist in further investigation including, where appropriate, by bringing the vessel without delay to the nearest appropriate port, or to such other port as may be specified in procedures established in accordance with paragraph 2. The inspecting State shall immediately inform the flag State of the name of the port to which the vessel is to proceed. The inspecting State and the flag State and, as appropriate, the port State shall take all necessary steps to ensure the well-being of the crew regardless of their nationality.
9.The inspecting State shall inform the flag State and the relevant organization or the participants in the relevant arrangement of the results of any further investigation.
10.The inspecting State shall require its inspectors to observe generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices relating to the safety of the vessel and the crew, minimize interference with fishing operations and, to the extent practicable, avoid action which would adversely affect the quality of the catch on board. The inspecting State shall ensure that boarding and inspection is not conducted in a manner that would constitute harassment of any fishing vessel. 19
11.For the purposes of this article, a serious violation means: (a) fishing without a valid license, authorization or permit issued by the flag State in accordance with article 18, paragraph 3 (a); (b) failing to maintain accurate records of catch and catch-related data, as required by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, or serious misreporting of catch, contrary to the catch reporting requirements of such organization or arrangement; (c) fishing in a closed area, fishing during a closed season or fishing without, or after attainment of, a quota established by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement; (d) directed fishing for a stock which is subject to a moratorium or for which fishing is prohibited; (e) using prohibited fishing gear; (f) falsifying or concealing the markings, identity or registration of a fishing vessel; (g) concealing, tampering with or disposing of evidence relating to an investigation; (h) multiple violations which together constitute a serious disregard of conservation and management measures; or (i) such other violations as may be specified in procedures established by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement.
12.Notwithstanding the other provisions of this article, the flag State may, at any time, take action to fulfill its obligations under article 19 with respect to an alleged violation. Where the vessel is under the direction of the inspecting State, the inspecting State shall, at the request of the flag State, release the vessel to the flag State along with full information on the progress and outcome of its investigation.
13.This article is without prejudice to the right of the flag State to take any measures, including proceedings to impose penalties, according to its laws.
14.This article applies mutatis mutandis to boarding and inspection by a State Party which is a member of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or a participant in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement and which has clear grounds for believing that a fishing vessel flying the flag of another State Party has engaged in any activity contrary to relevant conservation and management measures referred to in paragraph 1 in the high seas area covered by such organization or arrangement, and such vessel has subsequently, during the same fishing trip, entered into an area under the national jurisdiction of the inspecting State.
15.Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement has established an alternative mechanism which effectively 20 discharges the obligation under this Agreement of its members or participants to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures established by the organization or arrangement, members of such organization or participants in such arrangement may agree to limit the application of paragraph 1 as between themselves in respect of the conservation and management measures which have been established in the relevant high seas area.
16.Action taken by States other than the flag State in respect of vessels having engaged in activities contrary to sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures shall be proportionate to the seriousness of the violation.
17.Where there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that a fishing vessel on the high seas is without nationality, a State may board and inspect the vessel. Where evidence so warrants, the State may take such action as may be appropriate in accordance with international law.
18.States shall be liable for damage or loss attributable to them arising from action taken pursuant to this article when such action is unlawful or exceeds that reasonably required in the light of available information to implement the provisions of this article. Article 22 Basic procedures for boarding and inspection pursuant to article 21
1.The inspecting State shall ensure that its duly authorized inspectors: (a) present credentials to the master of the vessel and produce a copy of the text of the relevant conservation and management measures or rules and regulations in force in the high seas area in question pursuant to those measures; (b) initiate notice to the flag State at the time of the boarding and inspection; (c) do not interfere with the master's ability to communicate with the authorities of the flag State during the boarding and inspection; (d) provide a copy of a report on the boarding and inspection to the master and to the authorities of the flag State, noting therein any objection or statement which the master wishes to have included in the report; (e) promptly leave the vessel following completion of the inspection if they find no evidence of a serious violation; and (f) avoid the use of force except when and to the degree necessary to ensure the safety of the inspectors and where the inspectors are obstructed in the execution of their duties. The degree of force used shall not exceed that reasonably required in the circumstances. 21
2.The duly authorized inspectors of an inspecting State shall have the authority to inspect the vessel, its license, gear, equipment, records, facilities, fish and fish products and any relevant documents necessary to verify compliance with the relevant conservation and management measures.
3.The flag State shall ensure that vessel masters: (a) accept and facilitate prompt and safe boarding by the inspectors; (b) cooperate with and assist in the inspection of the vessel conducted pursuant to these procedures; (c) do not obstruct, intimidate or interfere with the inspectors in the performance of their duties; (d) allow the inspectors to communicate with the authorities of the flag State and the inspecting State during the boarding and inspection; (e) provide reasonable facilities, including, where appropriate, food and accommodation, to the inspectors; and (f) facilitate safe disembarkation by the inspectors.
4.In the event that the master of a vessel refuses to accept boarding and inspection in accordance with this article and article 21, the flag State shall, except in circumstances where, in accordance with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices relating to safety at sea, it is necessary to delay the boarding and inspection, direct the master of the vessel to submit immediately to boarding and inspection and, if the master does not comply with such direction, shall suspend the vessel's authorization to fish and order the vessel to return immediately to port. The flag State shall advise the inspecting State of the action it has taken when the circumstances referred to in this paragraph arise. Article 23 Measures taken by a port State
1.A port State has the right and the duty to take measures, in accordance with international law, to promote the effectiveness of sub-regional, regional and global conservation and management measures. When taking such measures a port State shall not discriminate in form or in fact against the vessels of any State.
2.A port State may, inter alia, inspect documents, fishing gear and catch on board fishing vessels, when such vessels are voluntarily in its ports or at its offshore terminals.
3.States may adopt regulations empowering the relevant national authorities to prohibit landings and transshipments where it has been established that the catch has been taken in a manner which undermines the effectiveness of sub- regional, regional or global conservation and management measures on the high seas. 22
4.Nothing in this article affects the exercise by States of their sovereignty over ports in their territory in accordance with international law. PART VII REQUIREMENTS OF DEVELOPING STATES Article 24 Recognition of the special requirements of developing States
1.States shall give full recognition to the special requirements of developing States in relation to conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and development of fisheries for such stocks. To this end, States shall, either directly or through the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other specialized agencies, the Global Environment Facility, the Commission on Sustainable Development and other appropriate international and regional organizations and bodies, provide assistance to developing States.
2.In giving effect to the duty to cooperate in the establishment of conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, States shall take into account the special requirements of developing States, in particular: (a) the vulnerability of developing States which are dependent on the exploitation of living marine resources, including for meeting the nutritional requirements of their populations or parts thereof; (b) the need to avoid adverse impacts on, and ensure access to fisheries by, subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishers and women fish-workers, as well as indigenous people in developing States, particularly small island developing States; and (c) the need to ensure that such measures do not result in transferring, directly or indirectly, a disproportionate burden of conservation action onto developing States. Article 25 Forms of cooperation with developing States
1.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional, regional or global organizations: (a) to enhance the ability of developing States, in particular the least- developed among them and small island developing States, to conserve and manage straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and to develop their own fisheries for such stocks; (b) to assist developing States, in particular the least-developed among them and small island developing States, to enable them to participate in high seas fisheries for such stocks, including facilitating access to such fisheries subject to articles 5 and 11; and (c) to facilitate the participation of developing States in sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. 23
2.Cooperation with developing States for the purposes set out in this article shall include the provision of financial assistance, assistance relating to human resources development, technical assistance, transfer of technology, including through joint venture arrangements, and advisory and consultative services.
3.Such assistance shall, inter alia, be directed specifically towards: (a) improved conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through collection, reporting, verification, exchange and analysis of fisheries data and related information; (b) stock assessment and scientific research; and (c) monitoring, control, surveillance, compliance and enforcement, including training and capacity-building at the local level, development and funding of national and regional observer programmes and access to technology and equipment. Article 26 Special assistance in the implementation of this Agreement
1.States shall cooperate to establish special funds to assist developing States in the implementation of this Agreement, including assisting developing States to meet the costs involved in any proceedings for the settlement of disputes to which they may be parties.
2.States and international organizations should assist developing States in establishing new sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or in strengthening existing organizations or arrangements, for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. PART VIII PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Article 27 Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means States have the obligation to settle their disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. Article 28 Prevention of disputes States shall cooperate in order to prevent disputes. To this end, States shall agree on efficient and expeditious decision-making procedures within sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and shall strengthen existing decision-making procedures as necessary. 24 Article 29 Disputes of a technical nature Where a dispute concerns a matter of a technical nature, the States concerned may refer the dispute to an ad hoc expert panel established by them. The panel shall confer with the States concerned and shall endeavor to resolve the dispute expeditiously without recourse to binding procedures for the settlement of disputes. Article 30 Procedures for the settlement of disputes
1.The provisions relating to the settlement of disputes set out in Part XV of the Convention apply mutatis mutandis to any dispute between States Parties to this Agreement concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement, whether or not they are also Parties to the Convention.
2.The provisions relating to the settlement of disputes set out in Part XV of the Convention apply mutatis mutandis to any dispute between States Parties to this Agreement concerning the interpretation or application of a sub-regional, regional or global fisheries agreement relating to straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks to which they are parties, including any dispute concerning the conservation and management of such stocks, whether or not they are also Parties to the Convention.
3.Any procedure accepted by a State Party to this Agreement and the Convention pursuant to article 287 of the Convention shall apply to the settlement of disputes under this Part, unless that State Party, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, or at any time thereafter, has accepted another procedure pursuant to article 287 for the settlement of disputes under this Part.
4.A State Party to this Agreement which is not a Party to the Convention, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, or at any time thereafter, shall be free to choose, by means of a written declaration, one or more of the means set out in article 287, paragraph 1, of the Convention for the settlement of disputes under this Part. Article 287 shall apply to such a declaration, as well as to any dispute to which such State is a party which is not covered by a declaration in force. For the purposes of conciliation and arbitration in accordance with Annexes V, VII and VIII to the Convention, such State shall be entitled to nominate conciliators, arbitrators and experts to be included in the lists referred to in Annex V, article 2, Annex VII, article 2, and Annex VIII, article 2, for the settlement of disputes under this Part.
5.Any court or tribunal to which a dispute has been submitted under this Part shall apply the relevant provisions of the Convention, of this Agreement and of any relevant sub-regional, regional or global fisheries agreement, as well as generally accepted standards for the conservation and management of living marine resources and other rules of international law not incompatible with the Convention, with a view to ensuring the conservation of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks concerned. 25 Article 31 Provisional measures
1.Pending the settlement of a dispute in accordance with this Part, the parties to the dispute shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature.
2.Without prejudice to article 290 of the Convention, the court or tribunal to which the dispute has been submitted under this Part may prescribe any provisional measures which it considers appropriate under the circumstances to preserve the respective rights of the parties to the dispute or to prevent damage to the stocks in question, as well as in the circumstances referred to in article 7, paragraph 5, and article 16, paragraph 2.
3.A State Party to this Agreement which is not a Party to the Convention may declare that, notwithstanding article 290, paragraph 5, of the Convention, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea shall not be entitled to prescribe, modify or revoke provisional measures without the agreement of such State. Article 32 Limitations on applicability of procedures for the settlement of disputes Article 297, paragraph 3, of the Convention applies also to this Agreement. PART IX NON-PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT Article 33 Non-parties to this Agreement
1.States Parties shall encourage non-parties to this Agreement to become parties thereto and to adopt laws and regulations consistent with its provisions.
2.States Parties shall take measures consistent with this Agreement and international law to deter the activities of vessels flying the flag of non-parties which undermine the effective implementation of this Agreement. PART X GOOD FAITH AND ABUSE OF RIGHTS Article 34 Good faith and abuse of rights States Parties shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed under this Agreement and shall exercise the rights recognized in this Agreement in a manner which would not constitute an abuse of right. 26 Part XI RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY Article 35 Responsibility and liability States Parties are liable in accordance with international law for damage or loss attributable to them in regard to this Agreement. PART XII REVIEW CONFERENCE Article 36 Review conference
1.Four years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the Secretary- General of the United Nations shall convene a conference with a view to assessing the effectiveness of this Agreement in securing the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. The Secretary-General shall invite to the conference all States Parties and those States and entities which are entitled to become parties to this Agreement as well as those intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations entitled to participate as observers.
2.The conference shall review and assess the adequacy of the provisions of this Agreement and, if necessary, propose means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions in order better to address any continuing problems in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. PART XIII FINAL PROVISIONS Article 37 Signature This Agreement shall be open for signature by all States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b), and shall remain open for signature at United Nations Headquarters for twelve months from the fourth of December 1995. Article 38 Ratification This Agreement is subject to ratification by States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b). The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 27 Article 39 Accession This Agreement shall remain open for accession by States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b). The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article 40 Entry into force
1.This Agreement shall enter into force 30 days after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or accession.
2.For each State or entity which ratifies the Agreement or accedes thereto after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or accession, this Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its instrument of ratification or accession. Article 41 Provisional application
1.This Agreement shall be applied provisionally by a State or entity which consents to its provisional application by so notifying the depositary in writing. Such provisional application shall become effective from the date of receipt of the notification.
2.Provisional application by a State or entity shall terminate upon the entry into force of this Agreement for that State or entity or upon notification by that State or entity to the depositary in writing of its intention to terminate provisional application. Article 42 Reservations and exceptions No reservations or exceptions may be made to this Agreement. Article 43 Declarations and statements Article 42 does not preclude a State or entity, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, from making declarations or statements, however phrased or named, with a view, inter alia, to the harmonization of its laws and regulations with the provisions of this Agreement, provided that such declarations or statements do not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Agreement in their application to that State or entity. 28 Article 44 Relation to other agreements
1.This Agreement shall not alter the rights and obligations of States Parties which arise from other agreements compatible with this Agreement and which do not affect the enjoyment by other States Parties of their rights or the performance of their obligations under this Agreement.
2.Two or more States Parties may conclude agreements modifying or suspending the operation of provisions of this Agreement, applicable solely to the relations between them, provided that such agreements do not relate to a provision derogation from which is incompatible with the effective execution of the object and purpose of this Agreement, and provided further that such agreements shall not affect the application of the basic principles embodied herein, and that the provisions of such agreements do not affect the enjoyment by other States Parties of their rights or the performance of their obligations under this Agreement.
3.States Parties intending to conclude an agreement referred to in paragraph 2 shall notify the other States Parties through the depositary of this Agreement of their intention to conclude the agreement and of the modification or suspension for which it provides. Article 45 Amendment
1.A State Party may, by written communication addressed to the Secretary- General of the United Nations, propose amendments to this Agreement and request the convening of a conference to consider such proposed amendments. The Secretary-General shall circulate such communication to all States Parties. If, within six months from the date of the circulation of the communication, not less than one half of the States Parties reply favorably to the request, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference.
2.The decision-making procedure applicable at the amendment conference convened pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be the same as that applicable at the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, unless otherwise decided by the conference. The conference should make every effort to reach agreement on any amendments by way of consensus and there should be no voting on them until all efforts at consensus have been exhausted.
3.Once adopted, amendments to this Agreement shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters by States Parties for twelve months from the date of adoption, unless otherwise provided in the amendment itself.
4.Articles 38, 39, 47 and 50 apply to all amendments to this Agreement.
5.Amendments to this Agreement shall enter into force for the States Parties ratifying or acceding to them on the thirtieth day following the deposit of instruments of ratification or accession by two thirds of the States Parties. Thereafter, for each State Party ratifying or acceding to an amendment after the deposit of the required number of such instruments, the amendment shall 29 enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its instrument of ratification or accession.
6.An amendment may provide that a smaller or a larger number of ratifications or accessions shall be required for its entry into force than are required by this article.
7.A state which becomes a Party to this Agreement after the entry into force of amendments in accordance with paragraph 5 shall, failing an expression of a different intention by that State: (a) be considered as a Party to this Agreement as so amended; and (b) be considered as a Party to the unamended Agreement in relation to any State Party not bound by the amendment. Article 46 Denunciation
1.A State Party may, by written notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, denounce this Agreement and may indicate its reasons. Failure to indicate reasons shall not affect the validity of the denunciation. The denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification, unless the notification specifies a later date.
2.The denunciation shall not in any way affect the duty of any State Party to fulfill any obligation embodied in this Agreement to which it would be subject under international law independently of this Agreement. Article 47 Participation by international organizations
1.In cases where an international organization referred to in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention does not have competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement, Annex IX to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to participation by such international organization in this Agreement, except that the following provisions of that Annex shall not apply: (a) article 2, first sentence; and (b) article 3, paragraph 1.
2.In cases where an international organization referred to in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention has competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement, the following provisions shall apply to participation by such international organization in this Agreement: (a) at the time of signature or accession, such international organization shall make a declaration stating: (i) that it has competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement; 30 (ii) that, for this reason, its member States shall not become States Parties, except in respect of their territories for which the international organization has no responsibility; and (iii) that it accepts the rights and obligations of States under this Agreement; (b) participation of such an international organization shall in no case confer any rights under this Agreement on member States of the international organization; (c) in the event of a conflict between the obligations of an international organization under this Agreement and its obligations under the agreement establishing the international organization or any acts relating to it, the obligations under this Agreement shall prevail. Article 48 Annexes
1.The Annexes form an integral part of this Agreement and, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this Agreement or to one of its Parts includes a reference to the Annexes relating thereto.
2.The Annexes may be revised from time to time by States Parties. Such revisions shall be based on scientific and technical considerations. Notwithstanding the provisions of article 45, if a revision to an Annex is adopted by consensus at a meeting of States Parties, it shall be incorporated in this Agreement and shall take effect from the date of its adoption or from such other date as may be specified in the revision. If a revision to an Annex is not adopted by consensus at such a meeting, the amendment procedures set out in article 45 shall apply. Article 49 Depositary The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of this Agreement and any amendments or revisions thereto. Article 50 Authentic texts The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of this Agreement are equally authentic. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Agreement. OPENED FOR SIGNATURE at New York, this fourth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, in a single original, in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages. 31 ANNEX I STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COLLECTION AND SHARING OF DATA Article 1 General principles
1.The timely collection, compilation and analysis of data are fundamental to the effective conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. To this end, data from fisheries for these stocks on the high seas and those in areas under national jurisdiction are required and should be collected and compiled in such a way as to enable statistically meaningful analysis for the purposes of fishery resource conservation and management. These data include catch and fishing effort statistics and other fishery-related information, such as vessel-related and other data for standardizing fishing effort. Data collected should also include information on non-target and associated or dependent species. All data should be verified to ensure accuracy. Confidentiality of non-aggregated data shall be maintained. The dissemination of such data shall be subject to the terms on which they have been provided.
2.Assistance, including training as well as financial and technical assistance, shall be provided to developing States in order to build capacity in the field of conservation and management of living marine resources. Assistance should focus on enhancing capacity to implement data collection and verification, observer programmes, data analysis and research projects supporting stock assessments. The fullest possible involvement of developing State scientists and managers in conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks should be promoted. Article 2 Principles of data collection, compilation and exchange The following general principles should be considered in defining the parameters for collection, compilation and exchange of data from fishing operations for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks: (a) States should ensure that data are collected from vessels flying their flag on fishing activities according to the operational characteristics of each fishing method (e.g., each individual tow for trawl, each set for long-line and purse- seine, each school fished for pole-and-line and each day fished for troll) and in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment; (b) States should ensure that fishery data are verified through an appropriate system; (c) States should compile fishery-related and other supporting scientific data and provide them in an agreed format and in a timely manner to the relevant sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement where one exists. Otherwise, States should cooperate to exchange data either directly or through such other cooperative mechanisms as may be agreed among them; (d) States should agree, within the framework of sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or otherwise, on the specification 32 of data and the format in which they are to be provided, in accordance with this Annex and taking into account the nature of the stocks and the fisheries for those stocks in the region. Such organizations or arrangements should request non-members or non-participants to provide data concerning relevant fishing activities by vessels flying their flag; (e) such organizations or arrangements shall compile data and make them available in a timely manner and in an agreed format to all interested States under the terms and conditions established by the organization or arrangement; and (f) scientists of the flag State and from the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement should analyse the data separately or jointly, as appropriate. Article 3 Basic fishery data
1.States shall collect and make available to the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement the following types of data in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment in accordance with agreed procedures: (a) time series of catch and effort statistics by fishery and fleet; (b) total catch in number, nominal weight, or both, by species (both target and non-target) as is appropriate to each fishery. [Nominal weight is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the live-weight equivalent of the landings]; (c) discard statistics, including estimates where necessary, reported as number or nominal weight by species, as is appropriate to each fishery; (d) effort statistics appropriate to each fishing method; and (e) fishing location, date and time fished and other statistics on fishing operations as appropriate.
2.States shall also collect where appropriate and provide to the relevant sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement information to support stock assessment, including: (a) composition of the catch according to length, weight and sex; (b) other biological information supporting stock assessments, such as information on age, growth, recruitment, distribution and stock identity; and (c) other relevant research, including surveys of abundance, biomass surveys, hydro-acoustic surveys, research on environmental factors affecting stock abundance, and oceanographic and ecological studies. 33 Article 4 Vessel data and information
1.States should collect the following types of vessel-related data for standardizing fleet composition and vessel fishing power and for converting between different measures of effort in the analysis of catch and effort data: (a) vessel identification, flag and port of registry; (b) vessel type; (c) vessel specifications (e.g., material of construction, date built, registered length, gross registered tonnage, power of main engines, hold capacity and catch storage methods); and (d) fishing gear description (e.g., types, gear specifications and quantity).
2.The flag State will collect the following information: (a) navigation and position fixing aids; (b) communication equipment and international radio call sign; and (c) crew size. Article 5 Reporting A State shall ensure that vessels flying its flag send to its national fisheries administration and, where agreed, to the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, logbook data on catch and effort, including data on fishing operations on the high seas, at sufficiently frequent intervals to meet national requirements and regional and international obligations. Such data shall be transmitted, where necessary, by radio, telex, facsimile or satellite transmission or by other means. Article 6 Data verification States or, as appropriate, sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements should establish mechanisms for verifying fishery data, such as: (a) position verification through vessel monitoring systems; (b) scientific observer programmes to monitor catch, effort, catch composition (target and non-target) and other details of fishing operations; (c) vessel trip, landing and transshipment reports; and (d) port sampling. 34 Article 7 Data exchange
1.Data collected by flag States must be shared with other flag States and relevant coastal States through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements. Such organizations or arrangements shall compile data and make them available in a timely manner and in an agreed format to all interested States under the terms and conditions established by the organization or arrangement, while maintaining confidentiality of non-aggregated data, and should, to the extent feasible, develop database systems which provide efficient access to data.
2.At the global level, collection and dissemination of data should be effected through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement does not exist, that organization may also do the same at the sub-regional or regional level by arrangement with the States concerned. 35 ANNEX II GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PRECAUTIONARY REFERENCE POINTS IN CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS
1.A precautionary reference point is an estimated value derived through an agreed scientific procedure, which corresponds to the state of the resource and of the fishery, and which can be used as a guide for fisheries management.
2.Two types of precautionary reference points should be used: conservation, or limit, reference points and management, or target, reference points. Limit reference points set boundaries which are intended to constrain harvesting within safe biological limits within which the stocks can produce maximum sustainable yield. Target reference points are intended to meet management objectives.
3.Precautionary reference points should be stock-specific to account, inter alia, for the reproductive capacity, the resilience of each stock and the characteristics of fisheries exploiting the stock, as well as other sources of mortality and major sources of uncertainty.
4.Management strategies shall seek to maintain or restore populations of harvested stocks, and where necessary associated or dependent species, at levels consistent with previously agreed precautionary reference points. Such reference points shall be used to trigger pre-agreed conservation and management action. Management strategies shall include measures which can be implemented when precautionary reference points are approached.
5.Fishery management strategies shall ensure that the risk of exceeding limit reference points is very low. If a stock falls below a limit reference point or is at risk of falling below such a reference point, conservation and management action should be initiated to facilitate stock recovery. Fishery management strategies shall ensure that target reference points are not exceeded on average.
6.When information for determining reference points for a fishery is poor or absent, provisional reference points shall be set. Provisional reference points may be established by analogy to similar and better-known stocks. In such situations, the fishery shall be subject to enhanced monitoring so as to enable revision of provisional reference points as improved information becomes available.
7.The fishing mortality rate which generates maximum sustainable yield should be regarded as a minimum standard for limit reference points. For stocks which are not overfished, fishery management strategies shall ensure that fishing mortality does not exceed that which corresponds to maximum sustainable yield, and that the biomass does not fall below a predefined threshold. For overfished stocks, the biomass which would produce maximum sustainable yield can serve as a rebuilding target. 1 PERSETUJUAN PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA TENTANG HUKUM LAUT TANGGAL 10 DESEMBER 1982 YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KONSERVASI DAN PENGELOLAAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA TERBATAS DAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA JAUH Negara-negara Pihak pada Persetujuan ini, Mengingat ketentuan-ketentuan yang relevan dari Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982, Menetapkan untuk menjamin konservasi jangka panjang dan penggunaan berkelanjutan dari sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh, Memutuskan untuk meningkatkan kerja sama di antara Negara-negara untuk tujuan tersebut, Mengajak untuk penegakan hukum yang lebih efektif oleh Negara Bendera, Negara Pelabuhan dan Negara Pantai untuk tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang disetujui untuk sediaan tersebut, Mengupayakan untuk menangani secara khusus permasalahan-permasalahan yang diidentifikasi dalam Bab 17, bagian program C, dari Agenda 21 yang diterima oleh Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, yaitu, bahwa pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas tidak memadai pada beberapa wilayah dan bahwa beberapa sumber daya digunakan secara berlebihan; memperhatikan bahwa terdapat beberapa masalah mengenai penangkapan ikan yang tidak diatur, kapitalisasi berlebihan, ukuran armada yang terlalu besar, pembenderaan semu kapal untuk menghindari pengawasan, pemilihan alat tangkap yang tidak sesuai, database yang tidak dapat dipercaya dan tiadanya kerja sama yang memadai diantara Negara-negara, Menyetujui diantara mereka perikanan yang bertanggungjawab, Menyadari kebutuhan untuk menghindari dampak yang merugikan lingkungan laut, melindungi keanekaragaman hayati, memelihara keutuhan ekosistem laut, dan mengurangi risiko jangka panjang atau dampak tidak terpulihkan dari kegiatan penangkapan ikan. Mengakui perlunya bantuan khusus, termasuk keuangan, bantuan ilmiah dan teknologi, sehingga Negara-negara berkembang dapat berpartisipasi secara efektif dalam konservasi, pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan yang berkelanjutan atas sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh, 2 Meyakini bahwa suatu Persetujuan bagi pelaksanaan ketentuan-ketentuan dari Konvensi akan sangat membantu tujuan-tujuan tersebut dan mendukung bagi pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan dunia, Menegaskan bahwa berbagai hal yang tidak diatur oleh Konvensi atau oleh Persetujuan ini tetap diatur dengan ketentuan dan prinsip-prinsip umum hukum internasional, Menyetujui hal-hal sebagai berikut:

Pasal 1

Penggunaan terminologi dan ruang lingkup

1.Untuk tujuan Persetujuan ini: (a) “Konvensi” berarti Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut Tanggal 10 Desember 1982; (b) “Tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan” berarti tindakan untuk melindungi dan mengelola satu atau beberapa spesies sumber daya hayati yang disetujui dan diterapkan konsisten dengan ketentuan yang terkait dari hukum internasional sebagaimana tercantum di dalam Konvensi dan Persetujuan ini; (c) “Ikan” termasuk Moluska dan Crustacea kecuali yang termasuk dalam jenis Sedenter sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Pasal 77 Konvensi; dan (d) “Pengaturan” berarti mekanisme kerja sama yang ditetapkan oleh dua negara atau lebih berdasarkan Konvensi dan Persetujuan ini untuk tujuan, antara lain, menetapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan pada suatu sub regional atau wilayah untuk satu atau beberapa sediaan ikan beruaya terbatas atau sediaan ikan beruaya jauh.
2.(a) “Negara Pihak” berarti negara yang telah menyetujui untuk tunduk pada Persetujuan ini dan untuk mana Persetujuan ini berlaku. (b) Persetujuan ini berlaku, mutatis mutandis: (i) untuk setiap lembaga sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 303 ayat

(1)poin (c), poin (d), dan poin (e) dari Konvensi; dan 3 (ii) tunduk pada pasal 47, untuk setiap lembaga yang dinamakan “organisasi internasional” pada Lampiran IX, pasal 1 dari Konvensi, yang menjadi Pihak dari Persetujuan ini, dan lebih lanjut “Negara Pihak” menunjuk kepada lembaga-lembaga tersebut.

3.Persetujuan ini berlaku mutatis mutandis bagi lembaga-lembaga perikanan lainnya yang kapal-kapalnya melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas.

Pasal 2

Tujuan Tujuan dari Persetujuan ini adalah untuk menjamin konservasi jangka panjang dan penggunaan berkelanjutan atas sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh melalui pelaksanaan yang efektif atas ketentuan- ketentuan yang terkait dari Konvensi.

Pasal 3

Penerapan

1.Kecuali ditentukan lain, Persetujuan ini berlaku untuk konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di luar wilayah yurisdiksi nasional, kecuali Pasal 6 dan 7 berlaku juga untuk konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan tersebut di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional, tunduk pada rejim hukum yang berbeda yang berlaku di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional dan di wilayah di luar yurisdiksi nasional sebagaimana ditentukan di dalam Konvensi.
2.Dalam pelaksanaan hak berdaulatnya untuk tujuan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional, Negara pantai harus menerapkan mutatis mutandis prinsip-prinsip umum yang disebutkan dalam Pasal 5.
3.Negara-negara harus mempertimbangkan kapasitas masing-masing negara berkembang untuk menerapkan Pasal 5, 6 dan 7 di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional dan kebutuhan mereka untuk bantuan sebagaimana ditentukan di dalam Persetujuan ini. Untuk tujuan ini, Bagian VII berlaku mutatis mutandis terhadap wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional.

Pasal 4

Hubungan antara Persetujuan ini dan Konvensi Hal-hal yang diatur dalam Persetujuan ini tidak mempengaruhi hak, yurisdiksi atau kewajiban-kewajiban Negara dalam Konvensi. Persetujuan ini harus diartikan dan diterapkan dalam konteks dan cara yang konsisten dengan Konvensi. 4

Pasal 5

Prinsip-prinsip umum Dalam rangka konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh, negara pantai dan negara yang melakukan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas harus, dalam melaksanakan kewajiban mereka untuk bekerjasama sesuai dengan Konvensi: (a) Mengambil tindakan-tindakan untuk menjamin kelestarian jangka panjang sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dan memajukan tujuan penggunaan optimum mereka; (b) Menjamin bahwa tindakan-tindakan tersebut didasarkan pada bukti ilmiah terbaik yang ada dan dirancang untuk memelihara atau memulihkan sediaan ikan pada tingkat yang dapat menjamin hasil maksimum yang lestari, sebagaimana ditentukan oleh faktor ekonomi dan lingkungan yang terkait termasuk kebutuhan khusus negara berkembang dan dengan memperhatikan pola penangkapan ikan, saling ketergantungan sediaan jenis ikan dan standar minimum internasional yang dianjurkan secara umum, baik di tingkat sub regional, regional, maupun global; (c) Menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian sesuai dengan Pasal 6; (d) Mengukur dampak dari penangkapan ikan, kegiatan manusia lainnya dan faktor-faktor lingkungan terhadap sediaan target dan spesies yang termasuk dalam ekosistem yang sama atau berhubungan dengan atau tergantung pada sediaan target tersebut; (e) Mengambil, apabila diperlukan, tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan untuk spesies dalam ekosistem yang sama atau berhubungan dengan atau tergantung pada sediaan target tersebut, dengan tujuan untuk memelihara atau memulihkan populasi dari spesies tersebut di atas tingkat dimana reproduksinya dapat sangat terancam; (f) Meminimalkan pencemaran, sampah barang-barang buangan serta tangkapan yang tidak berguna atau alat tangkap yang ditinggalkan, tangkapan spesies yang bukan target, baik ikan maupun bukan spesies ikan, (selanjutnya disebut sebagai spesies non target) dan dampak terhadap spesies berhubungan atau tergantung, khususnya spesies yang terancam, melalui tindakan termasuk, yang lazim, pengembangan dan penggunaan yang selektif, alat tangkap dan teknik yang aman secara lingkungan dan murah; (g) Melindungi keanekaragaman hayati pada lingkungan laut; (h) Mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi kegiatan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan dan penangkapan ikan yang melebihi kapasitas dan untuk menjamin bahwa tingkat usaha penangkapan tidak melebihi tingkat yang sepadan dengan penggunaan lestari sumber daya ikan; 5 (i) Memperhatikan kepentingan nelayan artisanal dan subsisten; (j) Mengumpulkan dan memberikan, pada saat yang tepat, data yang lengkap dan akurat mengenai kegiatan-kegiatan perikanan, antara lain, posisi kapal, tangkapan spesies target dan non target dan usaha penangkapan ikan, sebagaimana tercantum di dalam Lampiran I, juga informasi dari program riset nasional dan internasional; (k) Memajukan dan melaksanakan riset ilmiah dan mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat dalam mendukung konservasi dan pengelolaan ikan; dan (l) Melaksanakan dan menerapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan melalui pemantauan, pengawasan dan pengamatan.

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b.bahwa untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan memelihara keutuhan ekosistem laut di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia dan Laut Lepas perlu dilakukan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
c.bahwa dalam Sidang Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tanggal 24 Juli sampai dengan 4 Agustus 1995, telah diterima Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982 yang berkaitan dengan Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh);
d.bahwa . . . SALINAN
d.bahwa Indonesia telah mengesahkan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) dengan Undang- Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 yang mengamanatkan pengaturan lebih lanjut mengenai sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
e.bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, huruf b, huruf c, dan huruf d, perlu mengesahkan Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (Persetujuan Pelaksanaan Ketentuan-Ketentuan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982 yang berkaitan dengan Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh) dengan Undang-Undang; Mengingat : 1. Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 11, dan Pasal 20 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;

Mengingat

2.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1985 Nomor 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3319);
3.Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 156, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3882);
4.Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2000 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4012); Dengan . . . Dengan Persetujuan Bersama DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA dan PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

Menetapkan

Pasal 1

Pasal 2

1.LATAR BELAKANG DAN TUJUAN Konservasi dan pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas telah menjadi bahan perdebatan panjang masyarakat internasional sejak Konferensi Hukum Laut I hingga Konferensi Hukum Laut III. Namun, hingga disahkan Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982, Konferensi belum berhasil merumuskan pengaturan yang komprehensif mengenai masalah konservasi dan pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas. Konferensi telah menyerahkan pengaturan tersebut pada negara yang berkepentingan dengan perikanan di Laut Lepas di wilayahnya masing-masing. Dalam perkembangannya, sediaan sumber daya ikan di Laut Lepas, khususnya jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh, terus mengalami penurunan secara drastis. Hal ini telah mendorong masyarakat internasional untuk mencari solusi guna mengatasi persoalan tersebut. Pada . . . Pada Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan yang diselenggarakan di Rio de Janeiro pada tanggal 3 sampai dengan 14 Juni 1992, telah dihasilkan sebuah agenda (Agenda 21) yang mengharuskan negara-negara mengambil langkah yang efektif melalui kerja sama bilateral dan multilateral, baik pada tingkat regional maupun global, untuk menjamin bahwa perikanan di Laut Lepas dapat dikelola sesuai dengan ketentuan Hukum Laut 1982. Amanat Agenda 21 tersebut kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan dikeluarkannya Resolusi Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Nomor 47/192 tanggal 22 Desember 1992, yang menghendaki dilaksanakannya Konferensi tentang Jenis Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas dan Jenis Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh. Dalam Resolusi tersebut ditekankan agar Konferensi dapat mengidentifikasi persoalan yang berkaitan dengan konservasi dan pengelolaan jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh, mempertimbangkan pentingnya peningkatan kerja sama antarnegara, serta menyusun rekomendasi yang tepat. Setelah melalui enam kali persidangan yang berlangsung sejak April 1993 sampai Agustus 1995, bertempat di Markas Besar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di New York, ditandatangani draft final persetujuan dalam bentuk Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the UNCLOS of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (United Nations Implementing Agreement/UNIA 1995). Tujuan Persetujuan ini adalah untuk menjamin konservasi jangka panjang dan pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan atas sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh melalui pelaksanaan yang efektif atas ketentuan yang terkait dari UNCLOS 1982.
2.MANFAAT PENGESAHAN UNIA 1995 Dengan mengesahkan UNIA 1995, Indonesia mengadopsi Persetujuan tersebut sebagai hukum nasional untuk lebih lanjut dijabarkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan nasional. Adapun . . . Adapun manfaat pengesahan UNIA 1995 bagi Indonesia adalah:

a.memantapkan kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia dalam memberantas penangkapan ikan secara melanggar hukum di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia oleh kapal perikanan asing dan membuka kesempatan bagi kapal Indonesia untuk melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas;
b.mendapatkan data dan informasi perikanan yang akurat secara mudah dan tepat waktu melalui mekanisme pertukaran data dan informasi di antara negara pihak;
c.mendapatkan alokasi sumber daya ikan untuk jenis ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan jenis ikan yang beruaya jauh melalui penetapan kuota internasional;
d.mendapatkan hak akses dan kesempatan untuk turut memanfaatkan potensi perikanan di Laut Lepas;
e.memperoleh perlakuan khusus sebagai negara berkembang, antara lain untuk mendapatkan bantuan keuangan, bantuan teknis, bantuan alih teknologi, bantuan penelitian ilmiah, bantuan pengawasan, dan bantuan penegakan hukum;
f.memperoleh bantuan dana untuk penerapan Persetujuan ini, termasuk bantuan dana untuk penyelesaian sengketa yang mungkin terjadi antara negara yang bersangkutan dan negara pihak lain;
g.memperkuat posisi Indonesia dalam forum organisasi perikanan internasional;
h.mempertegas hak berdaulat Indonesia berkaitan dengan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di ZEE Indonesia;
i.memperkuat penerapan persetujuan regional di bidang pengelolaan sumber daya ikan.
1. 3.MATERI POKOK UNIA 1995 UNIA 1995 disusun berdasarkan prinsip menjamin kelestarian jangka panjang sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dan memajukan tujuan penggunaan optimal sediaan ikan tersebut serta menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian dalam pengelolaan sumber daya ikan. UNIA 1995 terdiri atas 50 pasal dan 2 lampiran: Lampiran I : Persyaratan Standar untuk Pengumpulan dan Pertukaran Data; Lampiran . . . Lampiran II : Pedoman bagi Pelaksanaan Titik-Titik Rujuk Pencegahan dalam Konservasi dan Pengelolaan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Terbatas (Straddling Fish Stocks) dan Sediaan Ikan yang Beruaya Jauh (Highly Migratory Fish Stocks). Materi pokok dimuat UNIA 1995 antara lain sebagai berikut:
a.uraian prinsip umum mengenai konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish stocks) dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish stocks);
b.penerapan pendekatan kehati-hatian dalam konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas (straddling fish stocks) dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh (highly migratory fish stocks);
c.uraian mengenai kewajiban negara anggota berkaitan dengan kapal perikanan yang mengibarkan benderanya yang melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas;
d.memperkenalkan ketentuan penaatan dan penegakan hukum di Laut Lepas;
e.memperkenalkan ketentuan yang berkaitan dengan persyaratan bagi negara-negara berkembang;
f.pengumpulan dan penyediaan informasi dan kerja sama penelitian ilmiah;
g.sistem pemantauan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian;
h.persyaratan standar pengumpulan dan pertukaran data.
1. 4.PRINSIP-PRINSIP UMUM UNIA 1995 adalah sebagai berikut:
a.mengambil tindakan untuk menjamin kelestarian jangka panjang sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dan memajukan tujuan penggunaan optimal sediaan ikan tersebut;
b.menjamin bahwa tindakan tersebut didasarkan pada bukti ilmiah terbaik yang ada dan dirancang untuk memelihara atau memulihkan sediaan ikan pada tingkat yang dapat menjamin hasil maksimum yang lestari;
c.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian;
d.mengukur dampak dari penangkapan ikan, kegiatan manusia lainnya, dan faktor-faktor lingkungan terhadap sediaan target dan spesies yang termasuk dalam ekosistem yang sama atau menyatu/berhubungan dengan atau bergantung pada sediaan target tersebut;
e.mengambil . . .
e.mengambil tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan untuk spesies dalam ekosistem yang sama atau menyatu/berhubungan dengan atau bergantung pada sediaan target tersebut;
f.meminimalkan pencemaran, sampah barang-barang buangan, tangkapan yang tidak berguna, alat tangkap yang ditinggalkan, tangkapan spesies non target, baik ikan maupun bukan spesies ikan, dan dampak terhadap spesies, melalui tindakan pengembangan dan penggunaan alat tangkap yang selektif serta teknik yang ramah lingkungan dan murah;
g.melindungi keanekaragaman hayati pada lingkungan laut;
h.mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah dan/atau mengurangi kegiatan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan dan penangkapan ikan yang melebihi kapasitas dan untuk menjamin bahwa tingkat usaha penangkapan ikan tidak melebihi tingkat yang sepadan dengan penggunaan lestari sumber daya ikan;
i.memperhatikan kepentingan nelayan pantai dan subsistensi;
j.mengumpulkan dan memberikan pada saat yang tepat, data yang lengkap dan akurat mengenai kegiatan perikanan, antara lain, posisi kapal, tangkapan spesies target dan nontarget dan usaha penangkapan ikan, serta informasi dari program riset nasional dan internasional;
k.memajukan dan melaksanakan riset ilmiah dan mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat dalam mendukung konservasi dan pengelolaan ikan; dan
l.melaksanakan dan menerapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan melalui pemantauan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian.
1. 5.KEWAJIBAN NEGARA YANG TELAH MELAKUKAN PENGESAHAN UNIA 1995, adalah sebagai berikut:
a.melakukan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang kompatibel; Negara pantai dan negara penangkap ikan jarak jauh (distant water fishing nations) wajib bekerjasama untuk mencapai tindakan yang sebanding antara yang dilaksanakan di perairan yang berada di bawah yurisdiksi nasionalnya (perairan pedalaman, perairan kepulauan, dan laut teritorial) dengan di Laut Lepas.
b.menerapkan . . .
b.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian (precautionary approach); Negara wajib menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian (precautionary approach) ketika menetapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan.
c.mengelola perikanan dengan pendekatan ekosistem; Negara wajib mengurangi hasil tangkapan samping (by catch) bagi jenis sumber daya hayati lain, seperti ikan, mamalia laut, penyu laut, dan burung laut di luar spesies yang akan ditangkap (non target species), melalui skema konservasi dan pengelolaannya secara terpadu, yang nontarget species dijadikan subjek konservasi dan pengelolaan; Persetujuan implementasi ini juga mewajibkan negara untuk mengumpulkan dan menginformasikan data penangkapan spesies target dan spesies nontarget, berdasarkan Lampiran I Persetujuan ini, yang memuat ketentuan rinci tentang syarat- syarat pengumpulan dan penginformasian data tersebut.
d.menetapkan larangan pembenderaan semu; Negara juga wajib mengatur secara ketat larangan pembenderaan semu (reflagging), antara lain dengan menetapkan kewajiban bagi kapal-kapal yang mengibarkan bendera negaranya untuk memiliki izin penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas, dan menjamin bahwa kapal-kapal yang sama juga tidak melakukan kegiatan perikanan tanpa izin di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif negara lain;
e.memperkuat peranan dari organisasi pengelolaan perikanan regional; Negara yang melakukan kegiatan perikanan di Laut Lepas dan negara pantai terkait wajib menjadi anggota organisasi regional yang ada atau mendirikan organisasi regional; Negara wajib meningkatkan penerapan kewajiban untuk melakukan konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan oleh organisasi regional yang ada. Sebagai insentif, negara tersebut akan diberi hak akses dalam bentuk alokasi kuota terhadap sumber-sumber perikanan tersebut.
f.menetapkan mekanisme penaatan dan penegakan hukum; Persetujuan implementasi ini menetapkan bahwa penegakan hukum dapat diterapkan oleh negara anggota organisasi perikanan tersebut. Negara dapat menaiki dan memeriksa kapal ikan negara anggota lain yang diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap peraturan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang dikeluarkan oleh organisasi regional tersebut; Negara . . . Negara berkewajiban untuk memperkuat skema pemeriksaan dengan menetapkan kewajiban untuk melapor. Baik organisasi antarnegara maupun bukan organisasi antarnegara diperkenankan untuk berpartisipasi sebagai peninjau (observer) dalam pertemuan-pertemuan yang diadakan oleh organisasi regional dimaksud. Untuk itu, negara wajib untuk memperkuat sistem pengawasan (MCS) dan program pengamat.
g.mengintegrasikan kebijakan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di ZEE dengan prinsip pengelolaan sumber-sumber perikanan di Laut Lepas berdasarkan pengaturan dalam UNIA 1995, ke dalam hukum nasional;
h.negara wajib menjamin penaatan oleh kapal-kapal yang mengibarkan bendera negaranya terhadap tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan subregional dan regional untuk sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh;
i.menerapkan pendekatan kehati-hatian secara luas untuk konservasi, pengelolaan, dan eksploitasi sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh dalam rangka melindungi sumber daya kelautan dan konservasi lingkungan laut;
j.menerapkan standar umum minimum internasional yang direkomendasikan untuk tata laksana perikanan yang bertanggung jawab untuk operasi penangkapan ikan;
k.kapal perikanan Indonesia, termasuk para awaknya, harus memenuhi standar internasional untuk beroperasi di Laut Lepas.
1. 6.PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN UNIA 1995
a.Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1983 tentang Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1983 Nomor 44, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3260);
b.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan bangsa-bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1985 Nomor 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3319);
c.Undang-Undang . . .
c.Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1990 Nomor 49, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3419);
d.Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1996 Nomor 73, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3647);
e.Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3699);
f.Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2000 Nomor 185, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4012);
g.Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 118, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4433);
h.Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 64, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4849);
1. 7.KONVENSI INTERNASIONAL YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN UNIA 1995
a.Convention on Migratory Species (Konvensi tentang Spesies Migrasi) 1979;
b.United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut) 1982;
c.United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati) 1992;
d.Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Persetujuan untuk Memajukan Penaatan terhadap Tindakan Pengelolaan dan Konservasi Secara Internasional oleh Kapal Penangkap Ikan di Laut Lepas) 1993;
e.Code . . .
e.Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (Tata Laksana Perikanan yang Bertanggung Jawab) 1995.
1. 8.Persetujuan ini telah ditindaklanjuti dengan dibentuknya beberapa organisasi pengelolaan perikanan regional (Regional Fisheries Management Organization/RFMO), antara lain Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) berdasarkan Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, Honolulu 4 September 2000 yang merupakan implementasi masalah teknis perikanan. II. PASAL DEMI PASAL

Pasal 1

Apabila terjadi perbedaan penafsiran terhadap terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia, maka digunakan salinan naskah aslinya dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pasal 2

1.For the purposes of this Agreement: (a) "Convention" means the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982; (b) "conservation and management measures" means measures to conserve and manage one or more species of living marine resources that are adopted and applied consistent with the relevant rules of international law as reflected in the Convention and this Agreement; (c) "fish" includes molluscs and crustaceans except those belonging to sedentary species as defined in article 77 of the Convention; and (d) "arrangement" means a cooperative mechanism established in accordance with the Convention and this Agreement by two or more States for the purpose, inter alia, of establishing conservation and management measures in a subregion or region for one or more straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks.
2.(a) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Agreement and for which the Agreement is in force. (b) This Agreement applies mutatis mutandis: (i) to any entity referred to in article 305, paragraph 1 (c), (d) and (e), of the Convention and (ii) subject to article 47, to any entity referred to as an "international organization" in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention which becomes a Party to this Agreement, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.
3.This Agreement applies mutatis mutandis to other fishing entities whose vessels fish on the high seas. Article 2 Objective The objective of this Agreement is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through effective implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention. 3 Article 3 Application
1.Unless otherwise provided, this Agreement applies to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks beyond areas under national jurisdiction, except that articles 6 and 7 apply also to the conservation and management of such stocks within areas under national jurisdiction, subject to the different legal regimes that apply within areas under national jurisdiction and in areas beyond national jurisdiction as provided for in the Convention.
2.In the exercise of its sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks within areas under national jurisdiction, the coastal State shall apply mutatis mutandis the general principles enumerated in article 5.
3.States shall give due consideration to the respective capacities of developing States to apply articles 5, 6 and 7 within areas under national jurisdiction and their need for assistance as provided for in this Agreement. To this end, Part VII applies mutatis mutandis in respect of areas under national jurisdiction. Article 4 Relationship between this Agreement and the Convention Nothing in this Agreement shall prejudice the rights, jurisdiction and duties of States under the Convention. This Agreement shall be interpreted and applied in the context of and in a manner consistent with the Convention. PART II CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS Article 5 General principles In order to conserve and manage straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, coastal States and States fishing on the high seas shall, in giving effect to their duty to cooperate in accordance with the Convention: (a) adopt measures to ensure long-term sustainability of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and promote the objective of their optimum utilization; (b) ensure that such measures are based on the best scientific evidence available and are designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield, as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, including the special requirements of developing States, and taking into account fishing patterns, the interdependence of stocks and any generally recommended international minimum standards, whether sub- regional, regional or global; (c) apply the precautionary approach in accordance with article 6; 4 (d) assess the impacts of fishing, other human activities and environmental factors on target stocks and species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks; (e) adopt, where necessary, conservation and management measures for species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks, with a view to maintaining or restoring populations of such species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened; (f) minimize pollution, waste, discards, catch by lost or abandoned gear, catch of non-target species, both fish and non-fish species, (hereinafter referred to as non-target species) and impacts on associated or dependent species, in particular endangered species, through measures including, to the extent practicable, the development and use of selective, environmentally safe and cost-effective fishing gear and techniques; (g) protect biodiversity in the marine environment; (h) take measures to prevent or eliminate overfishing and excess fishing capacity and to ensure that levels of fishing effort do not exceed those commensurate with the sustainable use of fishery resources; (i) take into account the interests of artisanal and subsistence fishers; (j) collect and share, in a timely manner, complete and accurate data concerning fishing activities on, inter alia, vessel position, catch of target and non-target species and fishing effort, as set out in Annex I, as well as information from national and international research programmes; (k) promote and conduct scientific research and develop appropriate technologies in support of fishery conservation and management; and (l) implement and enforce conservation and management measures through effective monitoring, control and surveillance Article 6 Application of the precautionary approach
1.States shall apply the precautionary approach widely to conservation, management and exploitation of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in order to protect the living marine resources and preserve the marine environment.
2.States shall be more cautious when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate. The absence of adequate scientific information shall not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures.
3.In implementing the precautionary approach, States shall: (a) improve decision-making for fishery resource conservation and management by obtaining and sharing the best scientific information available and implementing improved techniques for dealing with risk and uncertainty; 5 (b) apply the guidelines set out in Annex II and determine, on the basis of the best scientific information available, stock-specific reference points and the action to be taken if they are exceeded; (c) take into account, inter alia, uncertainties relating to the size and productivity of the stocks, reference points, stock condition in relation to such reference points, levels and distribution of fishing mortality and the impact of fishing activities on non-target and associated or dependent species, as well as existing and predicted oceanic, environmental and socio- economic conditions; and (d) develop data collection and research programmes to assess the impact of fishing on non-target and associated or dependent species and their environment, and adopt plans which are necessary to ensure the conservation of such species and to protect habitats of special concern.
4.States shall take measures to ensure that, when reference points are approached, they will not be exceeded. In the event that they are exceeded, States shall, without delay, take the action determined under paragraph 3 (b) to restore the stocks.
5.Where the status of target stocks or non-target or associated or dependent species is of concern, States shall subject such stocks and species to enhanced monitoring in order to review their status and the efficacy of conservation and management measures. They shall revise those measures regularly in the light of new information.
6.For new or exploratory fisheries, States shall adopt as soon as possible cautious conservation and management measures, including, inter alia, catch limits and effort limits. Such measures shall remain in force until there are sufficient data to allow assessment of the impact of the fisheries on the long-term sustainability of the stocks, whereupon conservation and management measures based on that assessment shall be implemented. The latter measures shall, if appropriate, allow for the gradual development of the fisheries.
7.If a natural phenomenon has a significant adverse impact on the status of straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks, States shall adopt conservation and management measures on an emergency basis to ensure that fishing activity does not exacerbate such adverse impact. States shall also adopt such measures on an emergency basis where fishing activity presents a serious threat to the sustainability of such stocks. Measures taken on an emergency basis shall be temporary and shall be based on the best scientific evidence available. Article 7 Compatibility of conservation and management measures
1.Without prejudice to the sovereign rights of coastal States for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the living marine resources within areas under national jurisdiction as provided for in the Convention, and the right of all States for their nationals to engage in fishing on the high seas in accordance with the Convention: 6 (a) with respect to straddling fish stocks, the relevant coastal States and the States whose nationals fish for such stocks in the adjacent high seas area shall seek, either directly or through the appropriate mechanisms for cooperation provided for in Part III, to agree upon the measures necessary for the conservation of these stocks in the adjacent high seas area; (b) with respect to highly migratory fish stocks, the relevant coastal States and other States whose nationals fish for such stocks in the region shall cooperate, either directly or through the appropriate mechanisms for cooperation provided for in Part III, with a view to ensuring conservation and promoting the objective of optimum utilization of such stocks throughout the region, both within and beyond the areas under national jurisdiction.
2.Conservation and management measures established for the high seas and those adopted for areas under national jurisdiction shall be compatible in order to ensure conservation and management of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in their entirety. To this end, coastal States and States fishing on the high seas have a duty to cooperate for the purpose of achieving compatible measures in respect of such stocks. In determining compatible conservation and management measures, States shall: (a) take into account the conservation and management measures adopted and applied in accordance with article 61 of the Convention in respect of the same stocks by coastal States within areas under national jurisdiction and ensure that measures established in respect of such stocks for the high seas do not undermine the effectiveness of such measures; (b) take into account previously agreed measures established and applied for the high seas in accordance with the Convention in respect of the same stocks by relevant coastal States and States fishing on the high seas; (c) take into account previously agreed measures established and applied in accordance with the Convention in respect of the same stocks by a sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement; (d) take into account the biological unity and other biological characteristics of the stocks and the relationships between the distribution of the stocks, the fisheries and the geographical particularities of the region concerned, including the extent to which the stocks occur and are fished in areas under national jurisdiction; (e) take into account the respective dependence of the coastal States and the States fishing on the high seas on the stocks concerned; and (f) ensure that such measures do not result in harmful impact on the living marine resources as a whole.
3.In giving effect to their duty to cooperate, States shall make every effort to agree on compatible conservation and management measures within a reasonable period of time.
4.If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, any of the States concerned may invoke the procedures for the settlement of disputes provided for in Part VIII. 7
5.Pending agreement on compatible conservation and management measures, the States concerned, in a spirit of understanding and cooperation, shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature. In the event that they are unable to agree on such arrangements, any of the States concerned may, for the purpose of obtaining provisional measures, submit the dispute to a court or tribunal in accordance with the procedures for the settlement of disputes provided for in Part VIII.
6.Provisional arrangements or measures entered into or prescribed pursuant to paragraph 5 shall take into account the provisions of this Part, shall have due regard to the rights and obligations of all States concerned, shall not jeopardize or hamper the reaching of final agreement on compatible conservation and management measures and shall be without prejudice to the final outcome of any dispute settlement procedure.
7.Coastal States shall regularly inform States fishing on the high seas in the subregion or region, either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or through other appropriate means, of the measures they have adopted for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks within areas under their national jurisdiction.
8.States fishing on the high seas shall regularly inform other interested States, either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or through other appropriate means, of the measures they have adopted for regulating the activities of vessels flying their flag which fish for such stocks on the high seas. PART III MECHANISMS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION CONCERNING STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS Article 8 Cooperation for conservation and management
1.Coastal States and States fishing on the high seas shall, in accordance with the Convention, pursue cooperation in relation to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks either directly or through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, taking into account the specific characteristics of the sub-region or region, to ensure effective conservation and management of such stocks.
2.States shall enter into consultations in good faith and without delay, particularly where there is evidence that the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks concerned may be under threat of over-exploitation or where a new fishery is being developed for such stocks. To this end, consultations may be initiated at the request of any interested State with a view to establishing appropriate arrangements to ensure conservation and management of the stocks. Pending agreement on such arrangements, States shall observe the provisions of this Agreement and shall act in good faith and with due regard to the rights, interests and duties of other States. 8
3.Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement has the competence to establish conservation and management measures for particular straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks, States fishing for the stocks on the high seas and relevant coastal States shall give effect to their duty to cooperate by becoming members of such organization or participants in such arrangement, or by agreeing to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement. States having a real interest in the fisheries concerned may become members of such organization or participants in such arrangement. The terms of participation in such organization or arrangement shall not preclude such States from membership or participation; nor shall they be applied in a manner which discriminates against any State or group of States having a real interest in the fisheries concerned.
4.Only those States which are members of such an organization or participants in such an arrangement, or which agree to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement, shall have access to the fishery resources to which those measures apply.
5.Where there is no sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement to establish conservation and management measures for a particular straddling fish stock or highly migratory fish stock, relevant coastal States and States fishing on the high seas for such stock in the subregion or region shall cooperate to establish such an organization or enter into other appropriate arrangements to ensure conservation and management of such stock and shall participate in the work of the organization or arrangement.
6.Any State intending to propose that action be taken by an intergovernmental organization having competence with respect to living resources should, where such action would have a significant effect on conservation and management measures already established by a competent sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, consult through that organization or arrangement with its members or participants. To the extent practicable, such consultation should take place prior to the submission of the proposal to the intergovernmental organization. Article 9 Sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements
1.In establishing sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or in entering into sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangements for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, States shall agree, inter alia, on: (a) the stocks to which conservation and management measures apply, taking into account the biological characteristics of the stocks concerned and the nature of the fisheries involved; 9 (b) the area of application, taking into account article 7, paragraph 1, and the characteristics of the sub-region or region, including socio-economic, geographical and environmental factors; (c) the relationship between the work of the new organization or arrangement and the role, objectives and operations of any relevant existing fisheries management organizations or arrangements; and (d) the mechanisms by which the organization or arrangement will obtain scientific advice and review the status of the stocks, including, where appropriate, the establishment of a scientific advisory body.
2.States cooperating in the formation of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement shall inform other States which they are aware have a real interest in the work of the proposed organization or arrangement of such cooperation. Article 10 Functions of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements In fulfillling their obligation to cooperate through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, States shall: (a) agree on and comply with conservation and management measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; (b) agree, as appropriate, on participatory rights such as allocations of allowable catch or levels of fishing effort; (c) adopt and apply any generally recommended international minimum standards for the responsible conduct of fishing operations; (d) obtain and evaluate scientific advice, review the status of the stocks and assess the impact of fishing on non-target and associated or dependent species; (e) agree on standards for collection, reporting, verification and exchange of data on fisheries for the stocks; (f) compile and disseminate accurate and complete statistical data, as described in Annex I, to ensure that the best scientific evidence is available, while maintaining confidentiality where appropriate; (g) promote and conduct scientific assessments of the stocks and relevant research and disseminate the results thereof; (h) establish appropriate cooperative mechanisms for effective monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement; (i) agree on means by which the fishing interests of new members of the organization or new participants in the arrangement will be accommodated; 10 (j) agree on decision-making procedures which facilitate the adoption of conservation and management measures in a timely and effective manner; (k) promote the peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with Part VIII; (l) ensure the full cooperation of their relevant national agencies and industries in implementing the recommendations and decisions of the organization or arrangement; and (m) give due publicity to the conservation and management measures established by the organization or arrangement. Article 11 New members or participants In determining the nature and extent of participatory rights for new members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization, or for new participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement, States shall take into account, inter alia: (a) the status of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and the existing level of fishing effort in the fishery; (b) the respective interests, fishing patterns and fishing practices of new and existing members or participants; (c) the respective contributions of new and existing members or participants to conservation and management of the stocks, to the collection and provision of accurate data and to the conduct of scientific research on the stocks; (d) the needs of coastal fishing communities which are dependent mainly on fishing for the stocks; (e) the needs of coastal States whose economies are overwhelmingly dependent on the exploitation of living marine resources; and (f) the interests of developing States from the sub-region or region in whose areas of national jurisdiction the stocks also occur. Article 12 Transparency in activities of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements
1.States shall provide for transparency in the decision- making process and other activities of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
2.Representatives from other intergovernmental organizations and representatives from non-governmental organizations concerned with straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks shall be afforded the opportunity to take part in meetings of sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and 11 arrangements as observers or otherwise, as appropriate, in accordance with the procedures of the organization or arrangement concerned. Such procedures shall not be unduly restrictive in this respect. Such intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations shall have timely access to the records and reports of such organizations and arrangements, subject to the procedural rules on access to them. Article 13 Strengthening of existing organizations and arrangements States shall cooperate to strengthen existing sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in order to improve their effectiveness in establishing and implementing conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Article 14 Collection and provision of information and cooperation in scientific research
1.States shall ensure that fishing vessels flying their flag provide such information as may be necessary in order to fulfilll their obligations under this Agreement. To this end, States shall in accordance with Annex I: (a) collect and exchange scientific, technical and statistical data with respect to fisheries for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; (b) ensure that data are collected in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment and are provided in a timely manner to fulfilll the requirements of sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements; and (c) take appropriate measures to verify the accuracy of such data.
2.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements: (a) to agree on the specification of data and the format in which they are to be provided to such organizations or arrangements, taking into account the nature of the stocks and the fisheries for those stocks; and (b) to develop and share analytical techniques and stock assessment methodologies to improve measures for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
3.Consistent with Part XIII of the Convention, States shall cooperate, either directly or through competent international organizations, to strengthen scientific research capacity in the field of fisheries and promote scientific research related to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks for the benefit of all. To this end, a State or the competent international organization conducting such research beyond areas under national jurisdiction shall actively promote the publication and dissemination to any interested States of the results of that research and 12 information relating to its objectives and methods and, to the extent practicable, shall facilitate the participation of scientists from those States in such research. Article 15 Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas In implementing this Agreement in an enclosed or semi-enclosed sea, States shall take into account the natural characteristics of that sea and shall also act in a manner consistent with Part IX of the Convention and other relevant provisions thereof. Article 16 Areas of high seas surrounded entirely by an area under the national jurisdiction of a single State
1.States fishing for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks in an area of the high seas surrounded entirely by an area under the national jurisdiction of a single State and the latter State shall cooperate to establish conservation and management measures in respect of those stocks in the high seas area. Having regard to the natural characteristics of the area, States shall pay special attention to the establishment of compatible conservation and management measures for such stocks pursuant to article 7. Measures taken in respect of the high seas shall take into account the rights, duties and interests of the coastal State under the Convention, shall be based on the best scientific evidence available and shall also take into account any conservation and management measures adopted and applied in respect of the same stocks in accordance with article 61 of the Convention by the coastal State in the area under national jurisdiction. States shall also agree on measures for monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures in respect of the high seas.
2.Pursuant to article 8, States shall act in good faith and make every effort to agree without delay on conservation and management measures to be applied in the carrying out of fishing operations in the area referred to in paragraph 1. If, within a reasonable period of time, the fishing States concerned and the coastal State are unable to agree on such measures, they shall, having regard to paragraph 1, apply article 7, paragraphs 4, 5 and 6, relating to provisional arrangements or measures. Pending the establishment of such provisional arrangements or measures, the States concerned shall take measures in respect of vessels flying their flag in order that they not engage in fisheries which could undermine the stocks concerned. 13 PART IV NON-MEMBERS AND NON-PARTICIPANTS Article 17 Non-members of organizations and non-participants in arrangements
1.A State which is not a member of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or is not a participant in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement, and which does not otherwise agree to apply the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement, is not discharged from the obligation to cooperate, in accordance with the Convention and this Agreement, in the conservation and management of the relevant straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
2.Such State shall not authorize vessels flying its flag to engage in fishing operations for the straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks which are subject to the conservation and management measures established by such organization or arrangement.
3.States which are members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement shall, individually or jointly, request the fishing entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 3, which have fishing vessels in the relevant area to cooperate fully with such organization or arrangement in implementing the conservation and management measures it has established, with a view to having such measures applied de facto as extensively as possible to fishing activities in the relevant area. Such fishing entities shall enjoy benefits from participation in the fishery commensurate with their commitment to comply with conservation and management measures in respect of the stocks.
4.States which are members of such organization or participants in such arrangement shall exchange information with respect to the activities of fishing vessels flying the flags of States which are neither members of the organization nor participants in the arrangement and which are engaged in fishing operations for the relevant stocks. They shall take measures consistent with this Agreement and international law to deter activities of such vessels which undermine the effectiveness of sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures. PART V DUTIES OF THE FLAG STATE Article 18 Duties of the flag State
1.A State whose vessels fish on the high seas shall take such measures as may be necessary to ensure that vessels flying its flag comply with sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures and that such vessels do not engage in any activity which undermines the effectiveness of such measures. 14
2.A State shall authorize the use of vessels flying its flag for fishing on the high seas only where it is able to exercise effectively its responsibilities in respect of such vessels under the Convention and this Agreement.
3.Measures to be taken by a State in respect of vessels flying its flag shall include: (a) control of such vessels on the high seas by means of fishing licenses, authorizations or permits, in accordance with any applicable procedures agreed at the sub-regional, regional or global level; (b) establishment of regulations: (i) to apply terms and conditions to the license, authorization or permit sufficient to fulfilll any sub-regional, regional or global obligations of the flag State; (ii) to prohibit fishing on the high seas by vessels which are not duly licensed or authorized to fish, or fishing on the high seas by vessels otherwise than in accordance with the terms and conditions of a license, authorization or permit; (iii) to require vessels fishing on the high seas to carry the license, authorization or permit on board at all times and to produce it on demand for inspection by a duly authorized person; and (iv) to ensure that vessels flying its flag do not conduct unauthorized fishing within areas under the national jurisdiction of other States; (c) establishment of a national record of fishing vessels authorized to fish on the high seas and provision of access to the information contained in that record on request by directly interested States, taking into account any national laws of the flag State regarding the release of such information; (d) requirements for marking of fishing vessels and fishing gear for identification in accordance with uniform and internationally recognizable vessel and gear marking systems, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Standard Specifications for the Marking and Identification of Fishing Vessels; (e) requirements for recording and timely reporting of vessel position, catch of target and non-target species, fishing effort and other relevant fisheries data in accordance with sub-regional, regional and global standards for collection of such data; (f) requirements for verifying the catch of target and non-target species through such means as observer programmes, inspection schemes, unloading reports, supervision of transshipment and monitoring of landed catches and market statistics; (g) monitoring, control and surveillance of such vessels, their fishing operations and related activities by, inter alia: 15 (i) the implementation of national inspection schemes and sub-regional and regional schemes for cooperation in enforcement pursuant to articles 21 and 22, including requirements for such vessels to permit access by duly authorized inspectors from other States; (ii) the implementation of national observer programmes and sub-regional and regional observer programmes in which the flag State is a participant, including requirements for such vessels to permit access by observers from other States to carry out the functions agreed under the programmes; and (iii) the development and implementation of vessel monitoring systems, including, as appropriate, satellite transmitter systems, in accordance with any national programmes and those which have been sub- regionally, regionally or globally agreed among the States concerned; (h) regulation of transshipment on the high seas to ensure that the effectiveness of conservation and management measures is not undermined; and (i) regulation of fishing activities to ensure compliance with sub-regional, regional or global measures, including those aimed at minimizing catches of non-target species.
4.Where there is a sub-regionally, regionally or globally agreed system of monitoring, control and surveillance in effect, States shall ensure that the measures they impose on vessels flying their flag are compatible with that system. PART VI COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT Article 19 Compliance and enforcement by the flag State
1.A State shall ensure compliance by vessels flying its flag with sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. To this end, that State shall: (a) enforce such measures irrespective of where violations occur; (b) investigate immediately and fully any alleged violation of sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures, which may include the physical inspection of the vessels concerned, and report promptly to the State alleging the violation and the relevant sub-regional or regional organization or arrangement on the progress and outcome of the investigation; (c) require any vessel flying its flag to give information to the investigating authority regarding vessel position, catches, fishing gear, fishing operations and related activities in the area of an alleged violation; 16 (d) if satisfied that sufficient evidence is available in respect of an alleged violation, refer the case to its authorities with a view to instituting proceedings without delay in accordance with its laws and, where appropriate, detain the vessel concerned; and (e) ensure that, where it has been established, in accordance with its laws, a vessel has been involved in the commission of a serious violation of such measures, the vessel does not engage in fishing operations on the high seas until such time as all outstanding sanctions imposed by the flag State in respect of the violation have been complied with.
2.All investigations and judicial proceedings shall be carried out expeditiously. Sanctions applicable in respect of violations shall be adequate in severity to be effective in securing compliance and to discourage violations wherever they occur and shall deprive offenders of the benefits accruing from their illegal activities. Measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers of fishing vessels shall include provisions which may permit, inter alia, refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to serve as masters or officers on such vessels. Article 20 International cooperation in enforcement
1.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, to ensure compliance with and enforcement of sub-regional and regional conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
2.A flag State conducting an investigation of an alleged violation of conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks may request the assistance of any other State whose cooperation may be useful in the conduct of that investigation. All States shall endeavor to meet reasonable requests made by a flag State in connection with such investigations.
3.A flag State may undertake such investigations directly, in cooperation with other interested States or through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement. Information on the progress and outcome of the investigations shall be provided to all States having an interest in, or affected by, the alleged violation.
4.States shall assist each other in identifying vessels reported to have engaged in activities undermining the effectiveness of sub-regional, regional or global conservation and management measures.
5.States shall, to the extent permitted by national laws and regulations, establish arrangements for making available to prosecuting authorities in other States evidence relating to alleged violations of such measures.
6.Where there are reasonable grounds for believing that a vessel on the high seas has been engaged in unauthorized fishing within an area under the jurisdiction of a coastal State, the flag State of that vessel, at the request of the 17 coastal State concerned, shall immediately and fully investigate the matter. The flag State shall cooperate with the coastal State in taking appropriate enforcement action in such cases and may authorize the relevant authorities of the coastal State to board and inspect the vessel on the high seas. This paragraph is without prejudice to article 111 of the Convention.
7.States Parties which are members of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or participants in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement may take action in accordance with international law, including through recourse to sub-regional or regional procedures established for this purpose, to deter vessels which have engaged in activities which undermine the effectiveness of or otherwise violate the conservation and management measures established by that organization or arrangement from fishing on the high seas in the sub-region or region until such time as appropriate action is taken by the flag State. Article 21 Sub-regional and regional cooperation in enforcement
1.In any high seas area covered by a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, a State Party which is a member of such organization or a participant in such arrangement may, through its duly authorized inspectors, board and inspect, in accordance with paragraph 2, fishing vessels flying the flag of another State Party to this Agreement, whether or not such State Party is also a member of the organization or a participant in the arrangement, for the purpose of ensuring compliance with conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks established by that organization or arrangement.
2.States shall establish, through sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, procedures for boarding and inspection pursuant to paragraph 1, as well as procedures to implement other provisions of this article. Such procedures shall be consistent with this article and the basic procedures set out in article 22 and shall not discriminate against non- members of the organization or non-participants in the arrangement. Boarding and inspection as well as any subsequent enforcement action shall be conducted in accordance with such procedures. States shall give due publicity to procedures established pursuant to this paragraph.
3.If, within two years of the adoption of this Agreement, any organization or arrangement has not established such procedures, boarding and inspection pursuant to paragraph 1, as well as any subsequent enforcement action, shall, pending the establishment of such procedures, be conducted in accordance with this article and the basic procedures set out in article 22.
4.Prior to taking action under this article, inspecting States shall, either directly or through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, inform all States whose vessels fish on the high seas in the sub-region or region of the form of identification issued to their duly authorized inspectors. The vessels used for boarding and inspection shall be clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service. At the time of becoming a Party to this Agreement, a State shall designate an appropriate authority to receive notifications pursuant to this article and shall give due 18 publicity of such designation through the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement.
5.Where, following a boarding and inspection, there are clear grounds for believing that a vessel has engaged in any activity contrary to the conservation and management measures referred to in paragraph 1, the inspecting State shall, where appropriate, secure evidence and shall promptly notify the flag State of the alleged violation.
6.The flag State shall respond to the notification referred to in paragraph 5 within three working days of its receipt, or such other period as may be prescribed in procedures established in accordance with paragraph 2, and shall either: (a) fulfilll, without delay, its obligations under article 19 to investigate and, if evidence so warrants, take enforcement action with respect to the vessel, in which case it shall promptly inform the inspecting State of the results of the investigation and of any enforcement action taken; or (b) authorize the inspecting State to investigate.
7.Where the flag State authorizes the inspecting State to investigate an alleged violation, the inspecting State shall, without delay, communicate the results of that investigation to the flag State. The flag State shall, if evidence so warrants, fulfilll its obligations to take enforcement action with respect to the vessel. Alternatively, the flag State may authorize the inspecting State to take such enforcement action as the flag State may specify with respect to the vessel, consistent with the rights and obligations of the flag State under this Agreement.
8.Where, following boarding and inspection, there are clear grounds for believing that a vessel has committed a serious violation, and the flag State has either failed to respond or failed to take action as required under paragraphs 6 or 7, the inspectors may remain on board and secure evidence and may require the master to assist in further investigation including, where appropriate, by bringing the vessel without delay to the nearest appropriate port, or to such other port as may be specified in procedures established in accordance with paragraph 2. The inspecting State shall immediately inform the flag State of the name of the port to which the vessel is to proceed. The inspecting State and the flag State and, as appropriate, the port State shall take all necessary steps to ensure the well-being of the crew regardless of their nationality.
9.The inspecting State shall inform the flag State and the relevant organization or the participants in the relevant arrangement of the results of any further investigation.
10.The inspecting State shall require its inspectors to observe generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices relating to the safety of the vessel and the crew, minimize interference with fishing operations and, to the extent practicable, avoid action which would adversely affect the quality of the catch on board. The inspecting State shall ensure that boarding and inspection is not conducted in a manner that would constitute harassment of any fishing vessel. 19
11.For the purposes of this article, a serious violation means: (a) fishing without a valid license, authorization or permit issued by the flag State in accordance with article 18, paragraph 3 (a); (b) failing to maintain accurate records of catch and catch-related data, as required by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, or serious misreporting of catch, contrary to the catch reporting requirements of such organization or arrangement; (c) fishing in a closed area, fishing during a closed season or fishing without, or after attainment of, a quota established by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement; (d) directed fishing for a stock which is subject to a moratorium or for which fishing is prohibited; (e) using prohibited fishing gear; (f) falsifying or concealing the markings, identity or registration of a fishing vessel; (g) concealing, tampering with or disposing of evidence relating to an investigation; (h) multiple violations which together constitute a serious disregard of conservation and management measures; or (i) such other violations as may be specified in procedures established by the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement.
12.Notwithstanding the other provisions of this article, the flag State may, at any time, take action to fulfill its obligations under article 19 with respect to an alleged violation. Where the vessel is under the direction of the inspecting State, the inspecting State shall, at the request of the flag State, release the vessel to the flag State along with full information on the progress and outcome of its investigation.
13.This article is without prejudice to the right of the flag State to take any measures, including proceedings to impose penalties, according to its laws.
14.This article applies mutatis mutandis to boarding and inspection by a State Party which is a member of a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or a participant in a sub-regional or regional fisheries management arrangement and which has clear grounds for believing that a fishing vessel flying the flag of another State Party has engaged in any activity contrary to relevant conservation and management measures referred to in paragraph 1 in the high seas area covered by such organization or arrangement, and such vessel has subsequently, during the same fishing trip, entered into an area under the national jurisdiction of the inspecting State.
15.Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement has established an alternative mechanism which effectively 20 discharges the obligation under this Agreement of its members or participants to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures established by the organization or arrangement, members of such organization or participants in such arrangement may agree to limit the application of paragraph 1 as between themselves in respect of the conservation and management measures which have been established in the relevant high seas area.
16.Action taken by States other than the flag State in respect of vessels having engaged in activities contrary to sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures shall be proportionate to the seriousness of the violation.
17.Where there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that a fishing vessel on the high seas is without nationality, a State may board and inspect the vessel. Where evidence so warrants, the State may take such action as may be appropriate in accordance with international law.
18.States shall be liable for damage or loss attributable to them arising from action taken pursuant to this article when such action is unlawful or exceeds that reasonably required in the light of available information to implement the provisions of this article. Article 22 Basic procedures for boarding and inspection pursuant to article 21
1.The inspecting State shall ensure that its duly authorized inspectors: (a) present credentials to the master of the vessel and produce a copy of the text of the relevant conservation and management measures or rules and regulations in force in the high seas area in question pursuant to those measures; (b) initiate notice to the flag State at the time of the boarding and inspection; (c) do not interfere with the master's ability to communicate with the authorities of the flag State during the boarding and inspection; (d) provide a copy of a report on the boarding and inspection to the master and to the authorities of the flag State, noting therein any objection or statement which the master wishes to have included in the report; (e) promptly leave the vessel following completion of the inspection if they find no evidence of a serious violation; and (f) avoid the use of force except when and to the degree necessary to ensure the safety of the inspectors and where the inspectors are obstructed in the execution of their duties. The degree of force used shall not exceed that reasonably required in the circumstances. 21
2.The duly authorized inspectors of an inspecting State shall have the authority to inspect the vessel, its license, gear, equipment, records, facilities, fish and fish products and any relevant documents necessary to verify compliance with the relevant conservation and management measures.
3.The flag State shall ensure that vessel masters: (a) accept and facilitate prompt and safe boarding by the inspectors; (b) cooperate with and assist in the inspection of the vessel conducted pursuant to these procedures; (c) do not obstruct, intimidate or interfere with the inspectors in the performance of their duties; (d) allow the inspectors to communicate with the authorities of the flag State and the inspecting State during the boarding and inspection; (e) provide reasonable facilities, including, where appropriate, food and accommodation, to the inspectors; and (f) facilitate safe disembarkation by the inspectors.
4.In the event that the master of a vessel refuses to accept boarding and inspection in accordance with this article and article 21, the flag State shall, except in circumstances where, in accordance with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices relating to safety at sea, it is necessary to delay the boarding and inspection, direct the master of the vessel to submit immediately to boarding and inspection and, if the master does not comply with such direction, shall suspend the vessel's authorization to fish and order the vessel to return immediately to port. The flag State shall advise the inspecting State of the action it has taken when the circumstances referred to in this paragraph arise. Article 23 Measures taken by a port State
1.A port State has the right and the duty to take measures, in accordance with international law, to promote the effectiveness of sub-regional, regional and global conservation and management measures. When taking such measures a port State shall not discriminate in form or in fact against the vessels of any State.
2.A port State may, inter alia, inspect documents, fishing gear and catch on board fishing vessels, when such vessels are voluntarily in its ports or at its offshore terminals.
3.States may adopt regulations empowering the relevant national authorities to prohibit landings and transshipments where it has been established that the catch has been taken in a manner which undermines the effectiveness of sub- regional, regional or global conservation and management measures on the high seas. 22
4.Nothing in this article affects the exercise by States of their sovereignty over ports in their territory in accordance with international law. PART VII REQUIREMENTS OF DEVELOPING STATES Article 24 Recognition of the special requirements of developing States
1.States shall give full recognition to the special requirements of developing States in relation to conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and development of fisheries for such stocks. To this end, States shall, either directly or through the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other specialized agencies, the Global Environment Facility, the Commission on Sustainable Development and other appropriate international and regional organizations and bodies, provide assistance to developing States.
2.In giving effect to the duty to cooperate in the establishment of conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, States shall take into account the special requirements of developing States, in particular: (a) the vulnerability of developing States which are dependent on the exploitation of living marine resources, including for meeting the nutritional requirements of their populations or parts thereof; (b) the need to avoid adverse impacts on, and ensure access to fisheries by, subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishers and women fish-workers, as well as indigenous people in developing States, particularly small island developing States; and (c) the need to ensure that such measures do not result in transferring, directly or indirectly, a disproportionate burden of conservation action onto developing States. Article 25 Forms of cooperation with developing States
1.States shall cooperate, either directly or through sub-regional, regional or global organizations: (a) to enhance the ability of developing States, in particular the least- developed among them and small island developing States, to conserve and manage straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and to develop their own fisheries for such stocks; (b) to assist developing States, in particular the least-developed among them and small island developing States, to enable them to participate in high seas fisheries for such stocks, including facilitating access to such fisheries subject to articles 5 and 11; and (c) to facilitate the participation of developing States in sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. 23
2.Cooperation with developing States for the purposes set out in this article shall include the provision of financial assistance, assistance relating to human resources development, technical assistance, transfer of technology, including through joint venture arrangements, and advisory and consultative services.
3.Such assistance shall, inter alia, be directed specifically towards: (a) improved conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through collection, reporting, verification, exchange and analysis of fisheries data and related information; (b) stock assessment and scientific research; and (c) monitoring, control, surveillance, compliance and enforcement, including training and capacity-building at the local level, development and funding of national and regional observer programmes and access to technology and equipment. Article 26 Special assistance in the implementation of this Agreement
1.States shall cooperate to establish special funds to assist developing States in the implementation of this Agreement, including assisting developing States to meet the costs involved in any proceedings for the settlement of disputes to which they may be parties.
2.States and international organizations should assist developing States in establishing new sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or in strengthening existing organizations or arrangements, for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. PART VIII PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Article 27 Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means States have the obligation to settle their disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. Article 28 Prevention of disputes States shall cooperate in order to prevent disputes. To this end, States shall agree on efficient and expeditious decision-making procedures within sub-regional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and shall strengthen existing decision-making procedures as necessary. 24 Article 29 Disputes of a technical nature Where a dispute concerns a matter of a technical nature, the States concerned may refer the dispute to an ad hoc expert panel established by them. The panel shall confer with the States concerned and shall endeavor to resolve the dispute expeditiously without recourse to binding procedures for the settlement of disputes. Article 30 Procedures for the settlement of disputes
1.The provisions relating to the settlement of disputes set out in Part XV of the Convention apply mutatis mutandis to any dispute between States Parties to this Agreement concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement, whether or not they are also Parties to the Convention.
2.The provisions relating to the settlement of disputes set out in Part XV of the Convention apply mutatis mutandis to any dispute between States Parties to this Agreement concerning the interpretation or application of a sub-regional, regional or global fisheries agreement relating to straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks to which they are parties, including any dispute concerning the conservation and management of such stocks, whether or not they are also Parties to the Convention.
3.Any procedure accepted by a State Party to this Agreement and the Convention pursuant to article 287 of the Convention shall apply to the settlement of disputes under this Part, unless that State Party, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, or at any time thereafter, has accepted another procedure pursuant to article 287 for the settlement of disputes under this Part.
4.A State Party to this Agreement which is not a Party to the Convention, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, or at any time thereafter, shall be free to choose, by means of a written declaration, one or more of the means set out in article 287, paragraph 1, of the Convention for the settlement of disputes under this Part. Article 287 shall apply to such a declaration, as well as to any dispute to which such State is a party which is not covered by a declaration in force. For the purposes of conciliation and arbitration in accordance with Annexes V, VII and VIII to the Convention, such State shall be entitled to nominate conciliators, arbitrators and experts to be included in the lists referred to in Annex V, article 2, Annex VII, article 2, and Annex VIII, article 2, for the settlement of disputes under this Part.
5.Any court or tribunal to which a dispute has been submitted under this Part shall apply the relevant provisions of the Convention, of this Agreement and of any relevant sub-regional, regional or global fisheries agreement, as well as generally accepted standards for the conservation and management of living marine resources and other rules of international law not incompatible with the Convention, with a view to ensuring the conservation of the straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks concerned. 25 Article 31 Provisional measures
1.Pending the settlement of a dispute in accordance with this Part, the parties to the dispute shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature.
2.Without prejudice to article 290 of the Convention, the court or tribunal to which the dispute has been submitted under this Part may prescribe any provisional measures which it considers appropriate under the circumstances to preserve the respective rights of the parties to the dispute or to prevent damage to the stocks in question, as well as in the circumstances referred to in article 7, paragraph 5, and article 16, paragraph 2.
3.A State Party to this Agreement which is not a Party to the Convention may declare that, notwithstanding article 290, paragraph 5, of the Convention, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea shall not be entitled to prescribe, modify or revoke provisional measures without the agreement of such State. Article 32 Limitations on applicability of procedures for the settlement of disputes Article 297, paragraph 3, of the Convention applies also to this Agreement. PART IX NON-PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT Article 33 Non-parties to this Agreement
1.States Parties shall encourage non-parties to this Agreement to become parties thereto and to adopt laws and regulations consistent with its provisions.
2.States Parties shall take measures consistent with this Agreement and international law to deter the activities of vessels flying the flag of non-parties which undermine the effective implementation of this Agreement. PART X GOOD FAITH AND ABUSE OF RIGHTS Article 34 Good faith and abuse of rights States Parties shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed under this Agreement and shall exercise the rights recognized in this Agreement in a manner which would not constitute an abuse of right. 26 Part XI RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY Article 35 Responsibility and liability States Parties are liable in accordance with international law for damage or loss attributable to them in regard to this Agreement. PART XII REVIEW CONFERENCE Article 36 Review conference
1.Four years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the Secretary- General of the United Nations shall convene a conference with a view to assessing the effectiveness of this Agreement in securing the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. The Secretary-General shall invite to the conference all States Parties and those States and entities which are entitled to become parties to this Agreement as well as those intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations entitled to participate as observers.
2.The conference shall review and assess the adequacy of the provisions of this Agreement and, if necessary, propose means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions in order better to address any continuing problems in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. PART XIII FINAL PROVISIONS Article 37 Signature This Agreement shall be open for signature by all States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b), and shall remain open for signature at United Nations Headquarters for twelve months from the fourth of December 1995. Article 38 Ratification This Agreement is subject to ratification by States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b). The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 27 Article 39 Accession This Agreement shall remain open for accession by States and the other entities referred to in article 1, paragraph 2(b). The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article 40 Entry into force
1.This Agreement shall enter into force 30 days after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or accession.
2.For each State or entity which ratifies the Agreement or accedes thereto after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or accession, this Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its instrument of ratification or accession. Article 41 Provisional application
1.This Agreement shall be applied provisionally by a State or entity which consents to its provisional application by so notifying the depositary in writing. Such provisional application shall become effective from the date of receipt of the notification.
2.Provisional application by a State or entity shall terminate upon the entry into force of this Agreement for that State or entity or upon notification by that State or entity to the depositary in writing of its intention to terminate provisional application. Article 42 Reservations and exceptions No reservations or exceptions may be made to this Agreement. Article 43 Declarations and statements Article 42 does not preclude a State or entity, when signing, ratifying or acceding to this Agreement, from making declarations or statements, however phrased or named, with a view, inter alia, to the harmonization of its laws and regulations with the provisions of this Agreement, provided that such declarations or statements do not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Agreement in their application to that State or entity. 28 Article 44 Relation to other agreements
1.This Agreement shall not alter the rights and obligations of States Parties which arise from other agreements compatible with this Agreement and which do not affect the enjoyment by other States Parties of their rights or the performance of their obligations under this Agreement.
2.Two or more States Parties may conclude agreements modifying or suspending the operation of provisions of this Agreement, applicable solely to the relations between them, provided that such agreements do not relate to a provision derogation from which is incompatible with the effective execution of the object and purpose of this Agreement, and provided further that such agreements shall not affect the application of the basic principles embodied herein, and that the provisions of such agreements do not affect the enjoyment by other States Parties of their rights or the performance of their obligations under this Agreement.
3.States Parties intending to conclude an agreement referred to in paragraph 2 shall notify the other States Parties through the depositary of this Agreement of their intention to conclude the agreement and of the modification or suspension for which it provides. Article 45 Amendment
1.A State Party may, by written communication addressed to the Secretary- General of the United Nations, propose amendments to this Agreement and request the convening of a conference to consider such proposed amendments. The Secretary-General shall circulate such communication to all States Parties. If, within six months from the date of the circulation of the communication, not less than one half of the States Parties reply favorably to the request, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference.
2.The decision-making procedure applicable at the amendment conference convened pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be the same as that applicable at the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, unless otherwise decided by the conference. The conference should make every effort to reach agreement on any amendments by way of consensus and there should be no voting on them until all efforts at consensus have been exhausted.
3.Once adopted, amendments to this Agreement shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters by States Parties for twelve months from the date of adoption, unless otherwise provided in the amendment itself.
4.Articles 38, 39, 47 and 50 apply to all amendments to this Agreement.
5.Amendments to this Agreement shall enter into force for the States Parties ratifying or acceding to them on the thirtieth day following the deposit of instruments of ratification or accession by two thirds of the States Parties. Thereafter, for each State Party ratifying or acceding to an amendment after the deposit of the required number of such instruments, the amendment shall 29 enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its instrument of ratification or accession.
6.An amendment may provide that a smaller or a larger number of ratifications or accessions shall be required for its entry into force than are required by this article.
7.A state which becomes a Party to this Agreement after the entry into force of amendments in accordance with paragraph 5 shall, failing an expression of a different intention by that State: (a) be considered as a Party to this Agreement as so amended; and (b) be considered as a Party to the unamended Agreement in relation to any State Party not bound by the amendment. Article 46 Denunciation
1.A State Party may, by written notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, denounce this Agreement and may indicate its reasons. Failure to indicate reasons shall not affect the validity of the denunciation. The denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification, unless the notification specifies a later date.
2.The denunciation shall not in any way affect the duty of any State Party to fulfill any obligation embodied in this Agreement to which it would be subject under international law independently of this Agreement. Article 47 Participation by international organizations
1.In cases where an international organization referred to in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention does not have competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement, Annex IX to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to participation by such international organization in this Agreement, except that the following provisions of that Annex shall not apply: (a) article 2, first sentence; and (b) article 3, paragraph 1.
2.In cases where an international organization referred to in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention has competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement, the following provisions shall apply to participation by such international organization in this Agreement: (a) at the time of signature or accession, such international organization shall make a declaration stating: (i) that it has competence over all the matters governed by this Agreement; 30 (ii) that, for this reason, its member States shall not become States Parties, except in respect of their territories for which the international organization has no responsibility; and (iii) that it accepts the rights and obligations of States under this Agreement; (b) participation of such an international organization shall in no case confer any rights under this Agreement on member States of the international organization; (c) in the event of a conflict between the obligations of an international organization under this Agreement and its obligations under the agreement establishing the international organization or any acts relating to it, the obligations under this Agreement shall prevail. Article 48 Annexes
1.The Annexes form an integral part of this Agreement and, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this Agreement or to one of its Parts includes a reference to the Annexes relating thereto.
2.The Annexes may be revised from time to time by States Parties. Such revisions shall be based on scientific and technical considerations. Notwithstanding the provisions of article 45, if a revision to an Annex is adopted by consensus at a meeting of States Parties, it shall be incorporated in this Agreement and shall take effect from the date of its adoption or from such other date as may be specified in the revision. If a revision to an Annex is not adopted by consensus at such a meeting, the amendment procedures set out in article 45 shall apply. Article 49 Depositary The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of this Agreement and any amendments or revisions thereto. Article 50 Authentic texts The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of this Agreement are equally authentic. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Agreement. OPENED FOR SIGNATURE at New York, this fourth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, in a single original, in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages. 31 ANNEX I STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COLLECTION AND SHARING OF DATA Article 1 General principles
1.The timely collection, compilation and analysis of data are fundamental to the effective conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. To this end, data from fisheries for these stocks on the high seas and those in areas under national jurisdiction are required and should be collected and compiled in such a way as to enable statistically meaningful analysis for the purposes of fishery resource conservation and management. These data include catch and fishing effort statistics and other fishery-related information, such as vessel-related and other data for standardizing fishing effort. Data collected should also include information on non-target and associated or dependent species. All data should be verified to ensure accuracy. Confidentiality of non-aggregated data shall be maintained. The dissemination of such data shall be subject to the terms on which they have been provided.
2.Assistance, including training as well as financial and technical assistance, shall be provided to developing States in order to build capacity in the field of conservation and management of living marine resources. Assistance should focus on enhancing capacity to implement data collection and verification, observer programmes, data analysis and research projects supporting stock assessments. The fullest possible involvement of developing State scientists and managers in conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks should be promoted. Article 2 Principles of data collection, compilation and exchange The following general principles should be considered in defining the parameters for collection, compilation and exchange of data from fishing operations for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks: (a) States should ensure that data are collected from vessels flying their flag on fishing activities according to the operational characteristics of each fishing method (e.g., each individual tow for trawl, each set for long-line and purse- seine, each school fished for pole-and-line and each day fished for troll) and in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment; (b) States should ensure that fishery data are verified through an appropriate system; (c) States should compile fishery-related and other supporting scientific data and provide them in an agreed format and in a timely manner to the relevant sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement where one exists. Otherwise, States should cooperate to exchange data either directly or through such other cooperative mechanisms as may be agreed among them; (d) States should agree, within the framework of sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, or otherwise, on the specification 32 of data and the format in which they are to be provided, in accordance with this Annex and taking into account the nature of the stocks and the fisheries for those stocks in the region. Such organizations or arrangements should request non-members or non-participants to provide data concerning relevant fishing activities by vessels flying their flag; (e) such organizations or arrangements shall compile data and make them available in a timely manner and in an agreed format to all interested States under the terms and conditions established by the organization or arrangement; and (f) scientists of the flag State and from the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement should analyse the data separately or jointly, as appropriate. Article 3 Basic fishery data
1.States shall collect and make available to the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement the following types of data in sufficient detail to facilitate effective stock assessment in accordance with agreed procedures: (a) time series of catch and effort statistics by fishery and fleet; (b) total catch in number, nominal weight, or both, by species (both target and non-target) as is appropriate to each fishery. [Nominal weight is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the live-weight equivalent of the landings]; (c) discard statistics, including estimates where necessary, reported as number or nominal weight by species, as is appropriate to each fishery; (d) effort statistics appropriate to each fishing method; and (e) fishing location, date and time fished and other statistics on fishing operations as appropriate.
2.States shall also collect where appropriate and provide to the relevant sub- regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement information to support stock assessment, including: (a) composition of the catch according to length, weight and sex; (b) other biological information supporting stock assessments, such as information on age, growth, recruitment, distribution and stock identity; and (c) other relevant research, including surveys of abundance, biomass surveys, hydro-acoustic surveys, research on environmental factors affecting stock abundance, and oceanographic and ecological studies. 33 Article 4 Vessel data and information
1.States should collect the following types of vessel-related data for standardizing fleet composition and vessel fishing power and for converting between different measures of effort in the analysis of catch and effort data: (a) vessel identification, flag and port of registry; (b) vessel type; (c) vessel specifications (e.g., material of construction, date built, registered length, gross registered tonnage, power of main engines, hold capacity and catch storage methods); and (d) fishing gear description (e.g., types, gear specifications and quantity).
2.The flag State will collect the following information: (a) navigation and position fixing aids; (b) communication equipment and international radio call sign; and (c) crew size. Article 5 Reporting A State shall ensure that vessels flying its flag send to its national fisheries administration and, where agreed, to the relevant sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement, logbook data on catch and effort, including data on fishing operations on the high seas, at sufficiently frequent intervals to meet national requirements and regional and international obligations. Such data shall be transmitted, where necessary, by radio, telex, facsimile or satellite transmission or by other means. Article 6 Data verification States or, as appropriate, sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements should establish mechanisms for verifying fishery data, such as: (a) position verification through vessel monitoring systems; (b) scientific observer programmes to monitor catch, effort, catch composition (target and non-target) and other details of fishing operations; (c) vessel trip, landing and transshipment reports; and (d) port sampling. 34 Article 7 Data exchange
1.Data collected by flag States must be shared with other flag States and relevant coastal States through appropriate sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements. Such organizations or arrangements shall compile data and make them available in a timely manner and in an agreed format to all interested States under the terms and conditions established by the organization or arrangement, while maintaining confidentiality of non-aggregated data, and should, to the extent feasible, develop database systems which provide efficient access to data.
2.At the global level, collection and dissemination of data should be effected through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Where a sub-regional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement does not exist, that organization may also do the same at the sub-regional or regional level by arrangement with the States concerned. 35 ANNEX II GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PRECAUTIONARY REFERENCE POINTS IN CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF STRADDLING FISH STOCKS AND HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS
1.A precautionary reference point is an estimated value derived through an agreed scientific procedure, which corresponds to the state of the resource and of the fishery, and which can be used as a guide for fisheries management.
2.Two types of precautionary reference points should be used: conservation, or limit, reference points and management, or target, reference points. Limit reference points set boundaries which are intended to constrain harvesting within safe biological limits within which the stocks can produce maximum sustainable yield. Target reference points are intended to meet management objectives.
3.Precautionary reference points should be stock-specific to account, inter alia, for the reproductive capacity, the resilience of each stock and the characteristics of fisheries exploiting the stock, as well as other sources of mortality and major sources of uncertainty.
4.Management strategies shall seek to maintain or restore populations of harvested stocks, and where necessary associated or dependent species, at levels consistent with previously agreed precautionary reference points. Such reference points shall be used to trigger pre-agreed conservation and management action. Management strategies shall include measures which can be implemented when precautionary reference points are approached.
5.Fishery management strategies shall ensure that the risk of exceeding limit reference points is very low. If a stock falls below a limit reference point or is at risk of falling below such a reference point, conservation and management action should be initiated to facilitate stock recovery. Fishery management strategies shall ensure that target reference points are not exceeded on average.
6.When information for determining reference points for a fishery is poor or absent, provisional reference points shall be set. Provisional reference points may be established by analogy to similar and better-known stocks. In such situations, the fishery shall be subject to enhanced monitoring so as to enable revision of provisional reference points as improved information becomes available.
7.The fishing mortality rate which generates maximum sustainable yield should be regarded as a minimum standard for limit reference points. For stocks which are not overfished, fishery management strategies shall ensure that fishing mortality does not exceed that which corresponds to maximum sustainable yield, and that the biomass does not fall below a predefined threshold. For overfished stocks, the biomass which would produce maximum sustainable yield can serve as a rebuilding target. 1 PERSETUJUAN PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA TENTANG HUKUM LAUT TANGGAL 10 DESEMBER 1982 YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KONSERVASI DAN PENGELOLAAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA TERBATAS DAN SEDIAAN IKAN YANG BERUAYA JAUH Negara-negara Pihak pada Persetujuan ini, Mengingat ketentuan-ketentuan yang relevan dari Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut tanggal 10 Desember 1982, Menetapkan untuk menjamin konservasi jangka panjang dan penggunaan berkelanjutan dari sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh, Memutuskan untuk meningkatkan kerja sama di antara Negara-negara untuk tujuan tersebut, Mengajak untuk penegakan hukum yang lebih efektif oleh Negara Bendera, Negara Pelabuhan dan Negara Pantai untuk tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan yang disetujui untuk sediaan tersebut, Mengupayakan untuk menangani secara khusus permasalahan-permasalahan yang diidentifikasi dalam Bab 17, bagian program C, dari Agenda 21 yang diterima oleh Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, yaitu, bahwa pengelolaan perikanan di Laut Lepas tidak memadai pada beberapa wilayah dan bahwa beberapa sumber daya digunakan secara berlebihan; memperhatikan bahwa terdapat beberapa masalah mengenai penangkapan ikan yang tidak diatur, kapitalisasi berlebihan, ukuran armada yang terlalu besar, pembenderaan semu kapal untuk menghindari pengawasan, pemilihan alat tangkap yang tidak sesuai, database yang tidak dapat dipercaya dan tiadanya kerja sama yang memadai diantara Negara-negara, Menyetujui diantara mereka perikanan yang bertanggungjawab, Menyadari kebutuhan untuk menghindari dampak yang merugikan lingkungan laut, melindungi keanekaragaman hayati, memelihara keutuhan ekosistem laut, dan mengurangi risiko jangka panjang atau dampak tidak terpulihkan dari kegiatan penangkapan ikan. Mengakui perlunya bantuan khusus, termasuk keuangan, bantuan ilmiah dan teknologi, sehingga Negara-negara berkembang dapat berpartisipasi secara efektif dalam konservasi, pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan yang berkelanjutan atas sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh, 2 Meyakini bahwa suatu Persetujuan bagi pelaksanaan ketentuan-ketentuan dari Konvensi akan sangat membantu tujuan-tujuan tersebut dan mendukung bagi pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan dunia, Menegaskan bahwa berbagai hal yang tidak diatur oleh Konvensi atau oleh Persetujuan ini tetap diatur dengan ketentuan dan prinsip-prinsip umum hukum internasional, Menyetujui hal-hal sebagai berikut:

Pasal 1

Penggunaan terminologi dan ruang lingkup

1.Untuk tujuan Persetujuan ini: (a) “Konvensi” berarti Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut Tanggal 10 Desember 1982; (b) “Tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan” berarti tindakan untuk melindungi dan mengelola satu atau beberapa spesies sumber daya hayati yang disetujui dan diterapkan konsisten dengan ketentuan yang terkait dari hukum internasional sebagaimana tercantum di dalam Konvensi dan Persetujuan ini; (c) “Ikan” termasuk Moluska dan Crustacea kecuali yang termasuk dalam jenis Sedenter sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Pasal 77 Konvensi; dan (d) “Pengaturan” berarti mekanisme kerja sama yang ditetapkan oleh dua negara atau lebih berdasarkan Konvensi dan Persetujuan ini untuk tujuan, antara lain, menetapkan tindakan konservasi dan pengelolaan pada suatu sub regional atau wilayah untuk satu atau beberapa sediaan ikan beruaya terbatas atau sediaan ikan beruaya jauh.
2.(a) “Negara Pihak” berarti negara yang telah menyetujui untuk tunduk pada Persetujuan ini dan untuk mana Persetujuan ini berlaku. (b) Persetujuan ini berlaku, mutatis mutandis: (i) untuk setiap lembaga sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 303 ayat

(1)poin (c), poin (d), dan poin (e) dari Konvensi; dan 3 (ii) tunduk pada pasal 47, untuk setiap lembaga yang dinamakan “organisasi internasional” pada Lampiran IX, pasal 1 dari Konvensi, yang menjadi Pihak dari Persetujuan ini, dan lebih lanjut “Negara Pihak” menunjuk kepada lembaga-lembaga tersebut.

3.Persetujuan ini berlaku mutatis mutandis bagi lembaga-lembaga perikanan lainnya yang kapal-kapalnya melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di Laut Lepas.

Pasal 2

Pasal 3

Penerapan

1.Kecuali ditentukan lain, Persetujuan ini berlaku untuk konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di luar wilayah yurisdiksi nasional, kecuali Pasal 6 dan 7 berlaku juga untuk konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan tersebut di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional, tunduk pada rejim hukum yang berbeda yang berlaku di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional dan di wilayah di luar yurisdiksi nasional sebagaimana ditentukan di dalam Konvensi.
2.Dalam pelaksanaan hak berdaulatnya untuk tujuan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi konservasi dan pengelolaan sediaan ikan yang beruaya terbatas dan sediaan ikan yang beruaya jauh di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional, Negara pantai harus menerapkan mutatis mutandis prinsip-prinsip umum yang disebutkan dalam Pasal 5.
3.Negara-negara harus mempertimbangkan kapasitas masing-masing negara berkembang untuk menerapkan Pasal 5, 6 dan 7 di dalam wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional dan kebutuhan mereka untuk bantuan sebagaimana ditentukan di dalam Persetujuan ini. Untuk tujuan ini, Bagian VII berlaku mutatis mutandis terhadap wilayah di bawah yurisdiksi nasional.

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Pasal 2

Pasal 1

Pasal 2

Pasal 1

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Dasar hukum (4)

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945

Undang-undang (UU) No. 17 Tahun 1985

Undang-undang (UU) No. 37 Tahun 1999

Undang-undang (UU) No. 24 Tahun 2000

Peraturan turunan (1)

Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Nomor 61 Tahun 2013

Isi peraturan

Isi peraturan

Menimbang

Mengingat

Menetapkan

Pasal 1

Pasal 2

Pasal 1

Pasal 2

Pasal 1

Pasal 2

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Pasal 4

Pasal 5

Dasar hukum (4)

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945

Undang-undang (UU) No. 17 Tahun 1985

Undang-undang (UU) No. 37 Tahun 1999

Undang-undang (UU) No. 24 Tahun 2000

Peraturan turunan (1)

Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Nomor 61 Tahun 2013